Hx of Citation

=TEST=

=Citation Systems in the bioscience= Based on the paper by R.B.Williams, Tring, UK. 2010 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1955988&show=html ---
 * Before 17th century: Educations in the universities of Europe was locked into the past.  teaching was reiteration of the ancient authorities such as Ptolemy, Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, Hippocrates. Most of Ginats are freelance; Pascal, Bacon, Boyle, Leibniz.
 * Dissemination of new knowledge was only by letter or visitation because learned journals was born in 1665. (Kronick)
 * For more intensive exchange of ideas, they frequently met, or try to meet. Boyle called this invisible colledge.
 * Publication in books were timeconsuming and uneconomical (Houghton, 1975)
 * Before learned journal age, Rbert Boyle was concerned about the plagiarism, or "philosphical robbery." (Zuckerman and Merton 1971)
 * 1665 Jan 5: First journal "Le journal des Scavans" was published in France but it was on legal ,theoretical matter and arts (Ornstein 1928 pp199-202).
 * 1665 March 30, The first journal to report original scientific experiment was "the Philosophical Transactions" by Royal Society's secretary Henry Oldenberg.(well reported by da Andrade 1965) It established the priority by giving dates upon which the Royal Society read the correspondence.

"The use of citation systems in learned journals continued with no innovation over 200 years"(Williams 2010).

 * 17 th century: Early example of citation started in the form of footnotes, but they are mixture of citation of published reference and authors note.(Grafton, A.(1999))
 * According to William's classification,
 * --Direct citation is mentioning in the context
 * --indirect citation is put a mark in the context and lead the reader to references in margin, footnote or end references.
 * --Mark is called "referentia", references are called "referenda (pl.-dum)
 * --Marks are Symbols(+*`~etc), Numeric(1,2,3), Alphabetic (a,b,c) and combination (33a,33b)
 * --Harvard citation systems is in between . ex is "(Green, 1900) as referentia, Alphabetic list of bibliography as referenda.

Earliest Example

 * first two volumes of Le Journal des Scavans (1665,1666) do not contatin citations at all.
 * Blair's(1720) Botamic Essays, referentia are superscribed alphabet and referenda are footnotes.
 * 19the century Edward Laurence Mark invented harvard system (Chernin 1988), Big invention to chaos in styles of referentia and referenda.(Mark 1881)
 * Numeric system, in first volume of Nature, was mixed with direct citation.
 * 1929, the first example of numeric referentia with sequential end refereces in Nature.
 * Referendum may be either marginal note, footnote, or end reference.

Numbered list of references or alphabetical list references

 * Referentia の多様性はそれぞれ一長一短がある. numeric, alphabetical, and Harvard.
 * Sometimes Numeric system (numbered list of end references) and Harvard system (alphabetically ordered end reference)are compared in speed of human eyes scanning. (Garfield 1968)
 * Location of information within bibliographic sources

Precision Resolution

 * To enhance the precision of citation Mark(1881) used pages, tabel, table in harverd system.
 * Jones (1974:Table3), Jones(1974:Figure2), Jones(1974:29).
 * Numerical system uses in the same situation, different referentia in the text leading to multiple referenda in the same reference. 同じ文献中(bibliographic reference) に参照部位(rederenda) が複数ある場合には　それぞれに別番号を付けると末尾の文献リストを同じ数繰り返さないといけないので　間延びするしibid の連続は　混乱する.
 * Harvard citation system and numeric end-reference system.
 * End reference or footnote.
 * Infromation transfer efficiency are considered

=REF=
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