SS189

189 189.2 189.3 189.4  sstest
 * 1) 	   Sentence ID: 1
 * 2) *	  The {fore-brain [FMA61992:Forebrain]} or {prosencephalon [FMA61992:Forebrain]} consists of : ( 1 ) the {diencephalon [FMA62001:Diencephalon]}, corresponding in a large measure to the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} and the structures which bound it ; and ( 2 ) the {telencephalon [FMA62000:Telencephalon]} , comprising the largest part of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} , viz. , the {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} ;
 * 3) 	   Sentence ID: 2
 * 4) *	  these hemispheres are intimately connected with each other across the middle line, and each contains a large cavity , named the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 5) 	   Sentence ID: 3
 * 6) *	  The {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} communicate through the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} with the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]}, but are separated from each other by a medial septum , the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} ;
 * 7) 	   Sentence ID: 3
 * 8) *	  this contains a slit-like cavity ,
 * 9) 	   Sentence ID: 3
 * 10) *	  which does not communicate with the ventricles.
 * 11) 	   Sentence ID: 4
 * 12) *	  The {Diencephalon [FMA62001:Diencephalon]}.
 * 13) 	   Sentence ID: 5
 * 14) *	  - The {diencephalon [FMA62001:Diencephalon]} is connected above and in front with the {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} ; behind with the {mid-brain [FMA61993:Midbrain]}.
 * 15) 	   Sentence ID: 6
 * 16) *	  Its upper surface is concealed by the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}, and is covered by a fold of {pia mater [FMA9590:Pia mater]} , named the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} ;
 * 17) 	   Sentence ID: 6
 * 18) *	  inferiorly it reaches to the {base of the brain [FMA77700:Basal forebrain]}.
 * 19) 	   Sentence ID: 7
 * 20) *	  The {diencephalon [FMA62001:Diencephalon]} comprises : ( 1 ) the {thalamencephalon [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ; ( 2 ) the {pars mamillaris hypothalami [FMA62029:Posterior hypothalamic region]} ; and ( 3 ) the posterior part of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]}.
 * 21) 	   Sentence ID: 9
 * 22) *	  For descriptive purposes, however , it is more convenient to consider the whole of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} and its boundaries together ;
 * 23) 	   Sentence ID: 9
 * 24) *	  this necessitates the inclusion, under this heading , of the {pars optica hypothalami [FMA62027:Anterior hypothalamic region]} and the corresponding part of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} - structures which properly belong to the {telencephalon [FMA62000:Telencephalon]}.
 * 25) 	   Sentence ID: 10
 * 26) *	  The {Thalamencephalon [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 27) 	   Sentence ID: 11
 * 28) *	  - The {thalamencephalon [FMA62007:Thalamus]} comprises : ( 1 ) the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ; ( 2 ) the {metathalamus [FMA62023:Metathalamus]} or {corpora geniculata [FMA62023:Metathalamus]} ; and ( 3 ) the {epithalamus [FMA62009:Epithalamus]}, consisting of the {trigonum habenulæ [FMA74868:Habenular trigone]} , the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} , and the {posterior commissure [FMA62072:Posterior commissure]}.
 * 29) 	   Sentence ID: 13
 * 30) *	  The {Thalami [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ( {optic thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} )  are two large ovoid masses, situated one on either side of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} and reaching for some distance behind that cavity.
 * 31) 	   Sentence ID: 14
 * 32) *	  Each measures about 4 cm . in length, and presents two extremities , an anterior and a posterior , and four surfaces , superior , inferior , medial , and lateral.
 * 33) 	   Sentence ID: 16
 * 34) *	  The anterior extremity is narrow ;
 * 35) 	   Sentence ID: 16
 * 36) *	  it lies close to the middle line and forms the posterior boundary of the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]}.
 * 37) 	   Sentence ID: 17
 * 38) *	  The posterior extremity is expanded, directed backward and lateralward , and overlaps the {superior colliculus [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]}.
 * 39) 	   Sentence ID: 18
 * 40) *	  Medially it presents an angular prominence, the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]} , which is continued laterally into an oval swelling , the {lateral geniculate body [FMA62209:Lateral geniculate body]} , while beneath the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]} , but separated from it by the {superior brachium [FMA72417:Brachium of superior colliculus]} , is a second oval swelling , the {medial geniculate body [FMA62211:Medial geniculate body]}.
 * 41) 	   Sentence ID: 19
 * 42) *	  The superior surface is free, slightly convex , and covered by a layer of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , termed the {stratum zonale [FMA83905:Stratum zonale of thalamus]}.
 * 43) 	   Sentence ID: 20
 * 44) *	  It is separated laterally from the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} by a white band, the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} , and by the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]}.
 * 45) 	   Sentence ID: 21
 * 46) *	  It is divided into a medial and a lateral portion by an oblique shallow furrow which runs from behind forward and medialward and corresponds with the lateral margin of the fornix ;
 * 47) 	   Sentence ID: 21
 * 48) *	  the lateral part forms a portion of the floor of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}, and is covered by the epithelial lining of this cavity ;
 * 49) 	   Sentence ID: 21
 * 50) *	  the medial part is covered by the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]}, and is destitute of an epithelial covering.
 * 51) 	   Sentence ID: 22
 * 52) *	  In front, the superior is separated from the medial surface by a salient margin , the {tænia thalami [FMA78461:Tenia of thalamus]} , along which the epithelial lining of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} is reflected on to the under surface of the {tela chorioidea [FMA242849:Tela choroidea]}.
 * 53) 	   Sentence ID: 23
 * 54) *	  Behind, it is limited medially by a groove , the {sulcus habenulæ [FMA78466:Habenular sulcus]} , which intervenes between it and a small triangular area , termed the {trigonum habenulæ [FMA74868:Habenular trigone]}.
 * 55) 	   Sentence ID: 24
 * 56) *	  The inferior surface rests upon and is continuous with the upward prolongation of the tegmentum ( {subthalamic tegmental region [FMA62010:Subthalamus]} ), in front of which it is related to the {substantia innominata of Meynert [FMA61885:Substantia innominata]}.
 * 57) 	   Sentence ID: 25
 * 58) *	  The medial surface constitutes the upper part of the lateral {wall of the third ventricle [FMA242776:Wall of third ventricle]}, and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} by a flattened gray band , the {massa intermedia [FMA74869:Interthalamic adhesion]} ( middle or gray commissure ).
 * 59) 	   Sentence ID: 26
 * 60) *	  This mass averages about 1 cm . in its antero-posterior diameter :
 * 61) 	   Sentence ID: 28
 * 62) *	  it sometimes consists of two parts and occasionally is absent.
 * 63) 	   Sentence ID: 29
 * 64) *	  It contains {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} and {nerve fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]} ;
 * 65) 	   Sentence ID: 29
 * 66) *	  a few of the latter may cross the middle line, but most of them pass toward the middle line and then curve lateralward on the same side.
 * 67) 	   Sentence ID: 30
 * 68) *	  The lateral surface is in contact with a thick band of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} which forms {the occipital part of the internal capsule [FMA61954:Posterior limb of internal capsule]} and separates the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} from the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]}.
 * 69) 	   Sentence ID: 31
 * 70) *	  Structure.
 * 71) 	   Sentence ID: 32
 * 72) *	  - The {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} consists chiefly of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]}, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , named the {stratum zonale [FMA83905:Stratum zonale of thalamus]} , and its lateral surface by a similar layer termed the {lateral medullary lamina [FMA62469:Lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus]}.
 * 73) 	   Sentence ID: 33
 * 74) *	  Its {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} is incompletely subdivided into three parts - anterior, medial , and lateral - by a white layer , the {medial medullary lamina [FMA62079:Internal medullary lamina]}.
 * 75) 	   Sentence ID: 34
 * 76) *	  The anterior part comprises the {anterior tubercle [FMA74867:Anterior tubercle of diencephalon]}, the medial part lies next the lateral {wall of the third ventricle [FMA242776:Wall of third ventricle]} while the lateral and largest part is interposed between the medullary laminæ and includes the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]}.
 * 77) 	   Sentence ID: 35
 * 78) *	  The lateral part is traversed by numerous fibers which radiate from the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} into the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]}, and pass through the latter to the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}.
 * 79) 	   Sentence ID: 36
 * 80) *	  These three parts are built up of numerous nuclei, the connections of many of which are imperfectly known.
 * 81) 	   Sentence ID: 37
 * 82) *	  Connections.
 * 83) 	   Sentence ID: 38
 * 84) *	  - The {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} may be regarded as a large ganglionic mass in which the ascending tracts of the tegmentum and a considerable proportion of the fibers of the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]} end, and from the cells of which numerous fibers ( thalamocortical ) take origin , and radiate to almost every part of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}.
 * 85) 	   Sentence ID: 39
 * 86) *	  The {lemniscus [FMA83676:Lemniscus of neuraxis]}, together with the other longitudinal strands of the tegmentum , enters its ventral part :
 * 87) 	   Sentence ID: 40
 * 88) *	  the {thalamomammillary fasciculus [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} ( {bundle of Vicq d’Azyr [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} ), from the {corpus mammillare [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} , enters in its {anterior tubercle [FMA74867:Anterior tubercle of diencephalon]} , while many of the fibers of the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]} terminate in its posterior end.
 * 89) 	   Sentence ID: 41
 * 90) *	  The {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} also receives numerous fibers ( corticothalamic ) from the cells of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}.
 * 91) 	   Sentence ID: 42
 * 92) *	  The fibers that arise from the cells of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} form four principal groups or stalks :
 * 93) 	   Sentence ID: 43
 * 94) *	  ( a ) those of the anterior stalk pass through the {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} part of the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} to the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} ;
 * 95) 	   Sentence ID: 43
 * 96) *	  ( b ) the fibers of the posterior stalk ( {optic radiations [FMA61941:Optic radiation]} ) arise in the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]} and are conveyed through {the occipital part of the internal capsule [FMA61954:Posterior limb of internal capsule]} to the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} ;
 * 97) 	   Sentence ID: 43
 * 98) *	  ( c ) the fibers of the inferior stalk leave the under and medial surfaces of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, and pass beneath the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} to the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} and {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} ;
 * 99) 	   Sentence ID: 43
 * 100) *	  ( d ) those of the parietal stalk pass from the {lateral nucleus of the thalamus [FMA62174:Lateral nuclear group of thalamus]} to the {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]}.
 * 101) 	   Sentence ID: 44
 * 102) *	  Fibers also extend from the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} into the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} - those destined for the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} leave the lateral surface, and those for the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} , the inferior surface of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 103) 	   Sentence ID: 45
 * 104) *	  The {Metathalamus [FMA62023:Metathalamus]} comprises the geniculate bodies ,
 * 105) 	   Sentence ID: 45
 * 106) *	  which are two in number - a medial and a lateral - on each side.
 * 107) 	   Sentence ID: 46
 * 108) *	  The {medial geniculate body [FMA62211:Medial geniculate body]} ( {corpus geniculatum mediale [FMA62211:Medial geniculate body; FMA62218:Magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body]} ; internal geniculate body ; postgeniculatum ) lies under cover of the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]} of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} and on the lateral aspect of the {corpora quadrigemina [FMA242157:Set of colliculi]}.
 * 109) 	   Sentence ID: 47
 * 110) *	  Oval in shape, with its long {axis [FMA12520:Axis; FMA58907:Axis of lens]} directed forward and lateralward , it is lighter in color and smaller in size than the lateral.
 * 111) 	   Sentence ID: 48
 * 112) *	  The {inferior brachium [FMA71114:Brachium of inferior colliculus]} from the {inferior colliculus [FMA62404:Inferior colliculus]} disappears under cover of it while from its lateral extremity a strand of fibers passes to join the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]}.
 * 113) 	   Sentence ID: 49
 * 114) *	  Entering it are many acoustic fibers from the {lateral lemniscus [FMA72502:Lateral lemniscus]}.
 * 115) 	   Sentence ID: 50
 * 116) *	  The {medial geniculate bodies [FMA62211:Medial geniculate body]} are connected with one another by the {commissure of Gudden [FMA62052:Ventral supraoptic decussation]} ,
 * 117) 	   Sentence ID: 50
 * 118) *	  which passes through the posterior part of the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]}.
 * 119) 	   Sentence ID: 51
 * 120) *	  The {lateral geniculate body [FMA62209:Lateral geniculate body]} ( {corpus geniculatum laterale [FMA62209:Lateral geniculate body; FMA62214:Dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body; FMA62215:Ventral nucleus of lateral geniculate body]} ; external geniculate body ; pregeniculatum ) is an oval elevation on the lateral part of the posterior end of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, and is connected with the {superior colliculus [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]} by the {superior brachium [FMA72417:Brachium of superior colliculus]}.
 * 121) 	   Sentence ID: 52
 * 122) *	  It is of a dark color, and presents a laminated arrangement consisting of alternate layers of gray and {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]}.
 * 123) 	   Sentence ID: 53
 * 124) *	  It receives numerous fibers from the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]}, while other fibers of this tract pass over or through it into the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]}.
 * 125) 	   Sentence ID: 54
 * 126) *	  Its cells are large and pigmented ;
 * 127) 	   Sentence ID: 54
 * 128) *	  their {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} pass to the visual area in the occipital part of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}.
 * 129) 	   Sentence ID: 55
 * 130) *	  The {superior colliculus [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]}, the {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]} , and the {lateral geniculate body [FMA62209:Lateral geniculate body]} receive many fibers from the {optic tracts [FMA62046:Optic tract]} , and are therefore intimately connected with sight , constituting what are termed the lower visual centers.
 * 131) 	   Sentence ID: 56
 * 132) *	  Extirpation of the {eyes [FMA54448:Eye]} in a newly born animal entails an arrest of the development of these centers, but has no effect on the {medial geniculate bodies [FMA62211:Medial geniculate body]} or on the {inferior colliculi [FMA62404:Inferior colliculus]}.
 * 133) 	   Sentence ID: 57
 * 134) *	  Moreover, the latter are well-developed in the mole , an animal in which the {superior colliculi [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]} are rudimentary.
 * 135) 	   Sentence ID: 58
 * 136) *	  The {Epithalamus [FMA62009:Epithalamus]} comprises the {trigonum habenulæ [FMA74868:Habenular trigone]}, the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} , and the {posterior commissure [FMA62072:Posterior commissure]}.
 * 137) 	   Sentence ID: 59
 * 138) *	  The {trigonum habenulæ [FMA74868:Habenular trigone]} is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the {superior colliculus [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]} and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the {tænia thalami [FMA78461:Tenia of thalamus]}.
 * 139) 	   Sentence ID: 60
 * 140) *	  It contains a group of {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} termed the {ganglion [FMA5884:Ganglion]} habenulæ.
 * 141) 	   Sentence ID: 61
 * 142) *	  Fibers enter it from the stalk of the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]}, and others , forming what is termed the {habenular commissure [FMA62048:Habenular commissure]} , pass across the middle line to the corresponding {ganglion [FMA5884:Ganglion]} of the opposite side.
 * 143) 	   Sentence ID: 62
 * 144) *	  Most of its fibers are, however , directed downward and form a bundle , the {fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert [FMA72400:Habenulo-interpeduncular tract]} , which passes medial to the {red nucleus [FMA62407:Red nucleus]} , and , after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side , ends in the {interpeduncular ganglion [FMA72439:Interpeduncular nucleus]}.
 * 145) 	   Sentence ID: 63
 * 146) *	  The {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} ( {corpus pineale [FMA62033:Pineal body]} ; {epiphysis [FMA24012:Epiphysis]} ) is a small, conical , reddish-gray body which lies in the depression between the {superior colliculi [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]}.
 * 147) 	   Sentence ID: 64
 * 148) *	  It is placed beneath the {splenium of the corpus callosum [FMA61948:Splenium of corpus callosum]}, but is separated from this by the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} , the lower layer of which envelops it.
 * 149) 	   Sentence ID: 65
 * 150) *	  It measures about 8 mm . in length, and its base , directed forward , is attached by a stalk or peduncle of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]}.
 * 151) 	   Sentence ID: 67
 * 152) *	  The stalk of the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} divides anteriorly into two laminæ, a dorsal and a ventral , separated from one another by the {pineal recess of the third ventricle [FMA78458:Pineal recess of third ventricle]}.
 * 153) 	   Sentence ID: 68
 * 154) *	  The ventral {lamina is [FMA242259:Plexiform layer of cerebral cortex]} continuous with the {posterior commissure [FMA62072:Posterior commissure]} ;
 * 155) 	   Sentence ID: 68
 * 156) *	  the dorsal {lamina is [FMA242259:Plexiform layer of cerebral cortex]} continuous with the {habenular commissure [FMA62048:Habenular commissure]} and divides into two strands the medullary striæ ,
 * 157) 	   Sentence ID: 68
 * 158) *	  which run forward, one on either side , along the junction of the medial and upper surfaces of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} to blend in front with the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]}.
 * 159) 	   Sentence ID: 69
 * 160) *	  The {posterior commissure [FMA62072:Posterior commissure]} is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the {cerebral aqueduct [FMA78467:Cerebral aqueduct]}.
 * 161) 	   Sentence ID: 70
 * 162) *	  Its fibers acquire their {medullary sheaths [FMA62983:Myelin sheath]} early, but their connections have not been definitely determined.
 * 163) 	   Sentence ID: 71
 * 164) *	  Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the {nucleus of the posterior commissure [FMA68463:Nucleus of posterior commissure]} ( {nucleus of Darkschewitsch [FMA68464:Ventral nucleus of posterior commissure]} ) , which lies in the {central gray substance [FMA83134:Central gray substance]} of the upper end of the {cerebral aqueduct [FMA78467:Cerebral aqueduct]} , in front of the {nucleus of the oculomotor nerve [FMA54510:Oculomotor nuclear complex]}.
 * 165) 	   Sentence ID: 72
 * 166) *	  Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} and from the {superior colliculus [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]}, while others are believed to be continued downward into the {medial longitudinal fasciculus [FMA83846:Medial longitudinal fasciculus]}.
 * 167) 	   Sentence ID: 73
 * 168) *	  The {Hypothalamus [FMA62008:Hypothalamus]} includes the {subthalamic tegmental region [FMA62010:Subthalamus]} and the structures forming the greater part of the floor of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]}, viz. , the {corpora mammillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} , {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} , {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]} , {hypophysis [FMA13889:Pituitary gland]} , and {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]}.
 * 169) 	   Sentence ID: 74
 * 170) *	  The {subthalamic tegmental region [FMA62010:Subthalamus]} consists of the upward continuation of the tegmentum ;
 * 171) 	   Sentence ID: 74
 * 172) *	  it lies on the {ventro [FMA9719:Muscle belly]}-lateral aspect of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} and separates it from the fibers of the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]}.
 * 173) 	   Sentence ID: 75
 * 174) *	  The {red nucleus [FMA62407:Red nucleus]} and the {substantia nigra [FMA62907:Substantia nigra pars compacta; FMA62908:Substantia nigra pars reticulata; FMA67947:Substantia nigra]} are prolonged into its lower part ;
 * 175) 	   Sentence ID: 75
 * 176) *	  in front it is continuous with the {substantia innominata of Meynert [FMA61885:Substantia innominata]}, medially with the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the floor of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]}.
 * 177) 	   Sentence ID: 76
 * 178) *	  It consists from above downward of three strata : ( 1 ) stratum dorsale, directly applied to the under surface of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} and consisting of fine longitudinal fibers ; ( 2 ) {zona incerta [FMA62038:Zona incerta]} , a continuation forward of the {formatio reticularis [FMA77719:Reticular formation]} of the tegmentum ; and ( 3 ) the {corpus subthalamicum [FMA62035:Subthalamic nucleus]} ( {nucleus of Luys [FMA62035:Subthalamic nucleus]} ) , a brownish mass presenting a lenticular shape on transverse section , and situated on the dorsal aspect of the fibers of the base of the {cerebral peduncle [FMA62394:Peduncle of midbrain; FMA72464:Cerebral crus]} ;
 * 179) 	   Sentence ID: 77
 * 180) *	  it is encapsuled by a lamina of {nerve fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]} and contains numerous medium-sized {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} ,
 * 181) 	   Sentence ID: 77
 * 182) *	  the connections of which are as yet not fully determined.
 * 183) 	   Sentence ID: 78
 * 184) *	  The {corpora mammillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} ( {corpus albicantia [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} ) are two round white masses, each about the size of a small pea , placed side by side below the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the floor of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} in front of the {posterior perforated substance [FMA77523:Posterior perforated substance]}.
 * 185) 	   Sentence ID: 79
 * 186) *	  They consist of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} externally and of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} internally ,
 * 187) 	   Sentence ID: 79
 * 188) *	  the cells of the latter forming two nuclei, a medial of smaller and a lateral of larger cells.
 * 189) 	   Sentence ID: 80
 * 190) *	  The {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} is mainly formed by the fibers of the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} ,
 * 191) 	   Sentence ID: 80
 * 192) *	  which descend to the {base of the brain [FMA77700:Basal forebrain]} and end partly in the {corpora mammillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]}.
 * 193) 	   Sentence ID: 81
 * 194) *	  From the cells of the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of each {mammillary body [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} two fasciculi arise :
 * 195) 	   Sentence ID: 82
 * 196) *	  one, the {thalamomammillary fasciculus [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} ( {bundle of Vicq d’Azyr [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} ) , passes upward into the {anterior nucleus of the thalamus [FMA62019:Anterior nuclear group of thalamus]} ;
 * 197) 	   Sentence ID: 82
 * 198) *	  the other is directed downward into the tegmentum.
 * 199) 	   Sentence ID: 83
 * 200) *	  {Afferent fibers [FMA76570:Set of afferent nerve fibers]} are believed to reach the {corpus mammillare [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} from the {medial lemniscus [FMA83675:Medial lemniscus]} and from the tegmentum.
 * 201) 	   Sentence ID: 84
 * 202) *	  The {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} is a hollow eminence of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} situated between the {corpora mammillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} behind, and the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} in front.
 * 203) 	   Sentence ID: 85
 * 204) *	  Laterally it is continuous with the {anterior perforated substances [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} and anteriorly with a thin lamina, the {lamina terminalis [FMA61975:Lamina terminalis]}.
 * 205) 	   Sentence ID: 86
 * 206) *	  From the under surface of the {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} a hollow conical process, the {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]} , projects downward and forward and is attached to the posterior lobe of the {hypophysis [FMA13889:Pituitary gland]}.
 * 207) 	   Sentence ID: 87
 * 208) *	  In the lateral part of the {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} is a nucleus of {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]}, the basal optic nucleus of Meynert , while close to the {cavity of the third ventricle [FMA242751:Cavity of third ventricle]} are three additional nuclei.
 * 209) 	   Sentence ID: 88
 * 210) *	  Between the {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} and the {corpora mammillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} a small elevation, with a corresponding depression in the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} , is sometimes seen.
 * 211) 	   Sentence ID: 89
 * 212) *	  Retzius has named it the {eminentia [FMA75432:Eminence]} saccularis, and regards it as a representative of the saccus vasculosus found in this situation in some of the lower vertebrates.
 * 213) 	   Sentence ID: 90
 * 214) *	  The {hypophysis [FMA13889:Pituitary gland]} ( {pituitary body [FMA13889:Pituitary gland]} ) is a reddish-gray, somewhat oval mass , measuring about 12.5 mm . in its transverse , and about 8 mm . in its antero-posterior diameter.
 * 215) 	   Sentence ID: 93
 * 216) *	  It is attached to the end of the {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]}, and is situated in the {fossa hypophyseos [FMA54721:Hypophysial fossa]} of the {sphenoidal bone [FMA52736:Sphenoid bone]} , where it is retained by a circular fold of {dura mater [FMA9592:Dura mater]} , the {diaphragma sella [FMA78540:Diaphragma sellae]} ;
 * 217) 	   Sentence ID: 93
 * 218) *	  this fold almost completely roofs in the fossa, leaving only a small central aperture through which the {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]} passes.
 * 219) 	   Sentence ID: 94
 * 220) *	  {Optic Chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} ( {chiasma opticum [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} ; {optic commissure [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} ).
 * 221) 	   Sentence ID: 95
 * 222) *	  - The {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} is a flattened, somewhat quadrilateral band of fibers , situated at the junction of the floor and anterior {wall of the third ventricle [FMA242776:Wall of third ventricle]}.
 * 223) 	   Sentence ID: 96
 * 224) *	  Most of its fibers have their origins in the {retina [FMA58301:Retina]}, and reach the {chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} through the {optic nerves [FMA50863:Optic nerve]} , which are continuous with its antero-lateral angles.
 * 225) 	   Sentence ID: 97
 * 226) *	  In the {chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]}, they undergo a partial decussation
 * 227) 	   Sentence ID: 97
 * 228) *	  the fibers from the nasal half of the {retina [FMA58301:Retina]} decussate and enter the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]} of the opposite side, while the fibers from the temporal half of the {retina [FMA58301:Retina]} do not undergo decussation , but pass {back [FMA24205:Surface of back]} into the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]} of the same side.
 * 229) 	   Sentence ID: 98
 * 230) *	  Occupying the posterior part of the commissure, however , is a strand of fibers , the {commissure of Gudden [FMA62052:Ventral supraoptic decussation]} ,
 * 231) 	   Sentence ID: 98
 * 232) *	  which is not derived from the {optic nerves [FMA50863:Optic nerve]} ;
 * 233) 	   Sentence ID: 98
 * 234) *	  it forms a connecting link between the {medial geniculate bodies [FMA62211:Medial geniculate body]}.
 * 235) 	   Sentence ID: 99
 * 236) *	  {Optic Tracts [FMA62046:Optic tract]}.
 * 237) 	   Sentence ID: 100
 * 238) *	  - The {optic tracts [FMA62046:Optic tract]} are continued backward and lateralward from the postero-lateral angles of the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]}.
 * 239) 	    Sentence ID: 101
 * 240) *	  Each passes between the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} and the {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]}, and , winding around the ventrolateral aspect of the {cerebral peduncle [FMA62394:Peduncle of midbrain; FMA72464:Cerebral crus]} , divides into a medial and a lateral root.
 * 241) 	   Sentence ID: 102
 * 242) *	  The former comprises the fibers of Gudden’s commissure.
 * 243) 	   Sentence ID: 103
 * 244) *	  The lateral root consists mainly of {afferent fibers [FMA76570:Set of afferent nerve fibers]} which arise in the {retina [FMA58301:Retina]} and undergo partial decussation in the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]}, as described ;
 * 245) 	   Sentence ID: 103
 * 246) *	  but it also contains a few fine efferent fibers which have their origins in the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} and their terminations in the {retina [FMA58301:Retina]}.
 * 247) 	   Sentence ID: 104
 * 248) *	  When traced backward, the {afferent fibers [FMA76570:Set of afferent nerve fibers]} of the lateral root are found to end in the {lateral geniculate body [FMA62209:Lateral geniculate body]} and {pulvinar [FMA62178:Pulvinar]} of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} , and in the {superior colliculus [FMA62403:Superior colliculus]} ;
 * 249) 	   Sentence ID: 104
 * 250) *	  and these three structures constitute the lower visual centers.
 * 251) 	   Sentence ID: 105
 * 252) *	  Fibers arise from the {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} in these centers and pass through {the occipital part of the internal capsule [FMA61954:Posterior limb of internal capsule]}, under the name of the {optic radiations [FMA61941:Optic radiation]} , to the {cortex of the occipital lobe [FMA242205:Cortex of occipital lobe]} of the {cerebrum [FMA62000:Telencephalon]} , where the higher or cortical visual center is situated.
 * 253) 	   Sentence ID: 106
 * 254) *	  Some of the fibers of the {optic radiations [FMA61941:Optic radiation]} take an opposite course, arising from the cells of the {occipital cortex [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} and passing to the lower visual centers.
 * 255) 	   Sentence ID: 107
 * 256) *	  Some fibers are detached from the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]}, and pass through the {cerebral peduncle [FMA62394:Peduncle of midbrain; FMA72464:Cerebral crus]} to the {nucleus of the oculomotor nerve [FMA54510:Oculomotor nuclear complex]}.
 * 257) 	   Sentence ID: 108
 * 258) *	  These may be regarded as the afferent branches for the Sphincter pupillæ and {Ciliaris muscles [FMA49151:Ciliary muscle]}.
 * 259) 	   Sentence ID: 109
 * 260) *	  Other fibers have been described as reaching the {cerebellum [FMA67944:Cerebellum]} through the {superior peduncle [FMA62075:Superior thalamic peduncle]} ; while others, again , are lost in the {pons [FMA67943:Pons]}.
 * 261) 	   Sentence ID: 110
 * 262) *	  The {Third Ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} ( {ventriculus tertius [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} ).
 * 263) 	   Sentence ID: 111
 * 264) *	  - The {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} is a median cleft between the two {thalami [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 265) 	   Sentence ID: 112
 * 266) *	  Behind, it communicates with the {fourth ventricle [FMA78469:Fourth ventricle]} through the {cerebral aqueduct [FMA78467:Cerebral aqueduct]} , and in front with the {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} through the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]}.
 * 267) 	   Sentence ID: 113
 * 268) *	  Somewhat triangular in shape, with the apex directed backward , it has a roof , a floor , an anterior and a posterior boundary and a pair of lateral walls.
 * 269) 	   Sentence ID: 114
 * 270) *	  The roof is formed by a layer of {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} ,
 * 271) 	   Sentence ID: 114
 * 272) *	  which stretches between the upper edges of the lateral walls of the cavity and is continuous with the epithelial lining of the ventricle.
 * 273) 	   Sentence ID: 115
 * 274) *	  It is covered by and adherent to a fold of {pia mater [FMA9590:Pia mater]}, named the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} , from the under surface of which a pair of vascular fringed processes , the {choroid plexuses of the third ventricle [FMA78462:Choroid plexus of third ventricle]} , project downward , one on either side of the middle line , and invaginate the epithelial roof into the {ventricular cavity [FMA13238:Cavity of ventricle]}.
 * 275) 	   Sentence ID: 116
 * 276) *	  The floor slopes downward and forward and is formed mainly by the structures which constitute the {hypothalamus [FMA62008:Hypothalamus]} :
 * 277) 	   Sentence ID: 117
 * 278) *	  from before backward these are :
 * 279) 	   Sentence ID: 118
 * 280) *	  the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]}, the {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} and {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]} , and the {corpora mammillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]}.
 * 281) 	   Sentence ID: 119
 * 282) *	  Behind the last, the floor is formed by the {interpeduncular fossa [FMA83740:Interpeduncular fossa]} and the tegmenta of the {cerebral peduncles [FMA62394:Peduncle of midbrain; FMA72464:Cerebral crus]}.
 * 283) 	   Sentence ID: 120
 * 284) *	  The ventricle is prolonged downward as a funnel-shaped recess, the {recessus infundibuli [FMA78456:Infundibular recess of third ventricle]} , into the {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]} , and to the apex of the latter the {hypophysis [FMA13889:Pituitary gland]} is attached.
 * 285) 	   Sentence ID: 121
 * 286) *	  The anterior boundary is constituted below by the {lamina terminalis [FMA61975:Lamina terminalis]}, a thin layer of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} stretching from the upper surface of the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} to the rostrum of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} ;
 * 287) 	   Sentence ID: 121
 * 288) *	  above by the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} and the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]}.
 * 289) 	   Sentence ID: 122
 * 290) *	  At the junction of the floor and anterior wall, immediately above the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} , the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum , the {optic recess [FMA78455:Optic recess of third ventricle]}.
 * 291) 	   Sentence ID: 123
 * 292) *	  Between the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]}, and above the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} , is a second recess termed the {vulva [FMA20462:Vulva]}.
 * 293) 	   Sentence ID: 124
 * 294) *	  At the junction of the roof and anterior {wall of the ventricle [FMA13884:Wall of ventricle]}, and situated between the {thalami [FMA62007:Thalamus]} behind and the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} in front , is the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} ( {foramen of Monro [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} ) through which the third communicates with the {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 295) 	   Sentence ID: 125
 * 296) *	  The posterior boundary is constituted by the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]}, the {posterior commissure [FMA62072:Posterior commissure]} and the {cerebral aqueduct [FMA78467:Cerebral aqueduct]}.
 * 297) 	   Sentence ID: 126
 * 298) *	  A small recess, the {recessus pinealis [FMA78458:Pineal recess of third ventricle]} , projects into the stalk of the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} , while in front of and above the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} is a second recess , the {recessus suprapinealis [FMA78457:Suprapineal recess of third ventricle]} , consisting of a diverticulum of the {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} which forms the ventricular roof.
 * 299) 	   Sentence ID: 127
 * 300) *	  Each lateral wall consists of an upper portion formed by the medial surface of the anterior two-thirds of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, and a lower consisting of an upward continuation of the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the ventricular floor.
 * 301) 	   Sentence ID: 128
 * 302) *	  These two parts correspond to the {alar [FMA264759:Alare]} and basal laminæ respectively of the lateral wall of the {fore-brain [FMA61992:Forebrain]} vesicle and are separated from each other by a furrow, the {sulcus [:]} of Monro ,
 * 303) 	   Sentence ID: 128
 * 304) *	  which extends from the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} to the {cerebral aqueduct [FMA78467:Cerebral aqueduct]}
 * 305) 	   Sentence ID: 128
 * 306) *	  ( pages 741 and 742 ).
 * 307) 	   Sentence ID: 129
 * 308) *	  The lateral wall is limited above by the tænia thalami.
 * 309) 	   Sentence ID: 130
 * 310) *	  The {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} curve downward in front of the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]}, and then run in the lateral {walls of the ventricle [FMA13884:Wall of ventricle]} , where , at first , they form distinct prominences , but subsequently are lost to sight.
 * 311) 	   Sentence ID: 131
 * 312) *	  The lateral walls are joined to each other across the {cavity of the ventricle [FMA13238:Cavity of ventricle]} by {a band [FMA67918:Anisotropic band]} of {gray matter [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]}, the {massa intermedia [FMA74869:Interthalamic adhesion]} ( page 809 ).
 * 313) 	   Sentence ID: 132
 * 314) *	  {Interpeduncular Fossa [FMA83740:Interpeduncular fossa]} -
 * 315) 	   Sentence ID: 132
 * 316) *	  This is a somewhat lozenge-shaped area of the {base of the brain [FMA77700:Basal forebrain]}, limited in front by the {optic chiasma [FMA62045:Optic chiasm]} , behind by the antero-superior surface of the {pons [FMA67943:Pons]} , antero-laterally by the converging {optic tracts [FMA62046:Optic tract]} , and postero-laterally by the diverging {cerebral peduncles [FMA62394:Peduncle of midbrain; FMA72464:Cerebral crus]}.
 * 317) 	   Sentence ID: 133
 * 318) *	  The structures contained in it have already been described ;
 * 319) 	   Sentence ID: 133
 * 320) *	  from behind forward, they are the {posterior perforated substance [FMA77523:Posterior perforated substance]} , {corpora mamillaria [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} , {tuber cinereum [FMA62327:Tuber cinereum]} , {infundibulum [FMA74635:Infundibulum of neurohypophysis]} , and {hypophysis [FMA13889:Pituitary gland]}.
 * 321) 	   Sentence ID: 134
 * 322) *	  The {Telencephalon [FMA62000:Telencephalon]}.
 * 323) 	   Sentence ID: 135
 * 324) *	  - The {telencephalon [FMA62000:Telencephalon]} includes : ( 1 ) the {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} with their {cavities [:]}, the {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} ; and ( 2 ) the {pars optica hypothalami [FMA62027:Anterior hypothalamic region]} and the anterior portion of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} ( already described under the {diencephalon [FMA62001:Diencephalon]} ).
 * 325) 	   Sentence ID: 137
 * 326) *	  As previously stated ( see page 744 ), each {cerebral hemisphere [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} may be divided into three fundamental parts , viz. , the {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]} , the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} , and the {neopallium [FMA62429:Neocortex]}.
 * 327) 	   Sentence ID: 138
 * 328) *	  The {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]}, associated with the sense of smell , is the oldest part of the {telencephalon [FMA62000:Telencephalon]} , and forms almost the whole of the hemisphere in some of the lower animals , e. g. , fishes , amphibians , and reptiles.
 * 329) 	   Sentence ID: 139
 * 330) *	  In man it is rudimentary, whereas the {neopallium [FMA62429:Neocortex]} undergoes great development and forms the chief part of the hemisphere.
 * 331) 	   Sentence ID: 140
 * 332) *	  The {Cerebral Hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]}.
 * 333) 	   Sentence ID: 141
 * 334) *	  - The {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} constitute the largest part of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]}, and , when viewed together from above , assume the form of an ovoid mass broader behind than in front , the greatest transverse diameter corresponding with a line connecting the two {parietal eminences [FMA57080:Parietal tuber]}.
 * 335) 	   Sentence ID: 142
 * 336) *	  The hemispheres are separated medially by a deep cleft, named the {longitudinal cerebral fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]} , and each possesses a central cavity , the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 337) 	   Sentence ID: 143
 * 338) *	  The {Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]} ( {fissura cerebri longitudinalis [FMA9712:Hand]} ; {great longitudinal fissure [FMA9712:Hand]} ) contains a sickle-shaped process of {dura mater [FMA9592:Dura mater]}, the {falx cerebri [FMA83967:Falx cerebri]}.
 * 339) 	   Sentence ID: 144
 * 340) *	  It front and behind, the fissure extends from the upper to the under surfaces of the hemispheres and completely separates them , but its middle portion separates them for only about one-half of their vertical extent ;
 * 341) 	   Sentence ID: 144
 * 342) *	  for at this part they are connected across the middle line by a great central white commissure, the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}.
 * 343) 	   Sentence ID: 145
 * 344) *	  In a median sagittal section the cut {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} presents the appearance of a broad, arched band.
 * 345) 	   Sentence ID: 146
 * 346) *	  Its thick posterior end, termed the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} , overlaps the {mid-brain [FMA61993:Midbrain]} , but is separated from it by the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} and the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]}.
 * 347) 	   Sentence ID: 147
 * 348) *	  Its anterior curved end, termed the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} , gradually tapers into a thinner portion , the rostrum ,
 * 349) 	   Sentence ID: 147
 * 350) *	  which is continued downward and backward in front of the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} to join the {lamina terminalis [FMA61975:Lamina terminalis]}.
 * 351) 	   Sentence ID: 148
 * 352) *	  Arching backward from immediately behind the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} to the under surface of the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} is a second white band named the fornix :
 * 353) 	   Sentence ID: 149
 * 354) *	  between this and the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} are the laminæ and {cavity of the septum pellucidum [FMA61874:Cave of septum pellucidum]}.
 * 355) 	   Sentence ID: 150
 * 356) *	  {Surfaces of the Cerebral Hemispheres [FMA256259:Surface of cerebral hemisphere]}.
 * 357) 	   Sentence ID: 151
 * 358) 	  - Each hemisphere presents three surfaces :
 * 359) 	   Sentence ID: 152
 * 360) *	  lateral, medial , and inferior.
 * 361) 	   Sentence ID: 153
 * 362) *	  The lateral surface is convex in adaptation to the concavity of the corresponding half of the vault of the {cranium [FMA46565:Skull]}.
 * 363) 	   Sentence ID: 154
 * 364) *	  The medial surface is flat and vertical, and is separated from that of the opposite hemisphere by the {great longitudinal fissure [FMA9712:Hand]} and the {falx cerebri [FMA83967:Falx cerebri]}.
 * 365) 	   Sentence ID: 155
 * 366) *	  The inferior surface is of an irregular form, and may be divided into three areas : anterior , middle , and posterior.
 * 367) 	   Sentence ID: 157
 * 368) *	  The anterior area, formed by the {orbital surface of the frontal lobe [FMA57406:Cerebral surface of orbital part of frontal bone]} , is concave , and rests on the {roof of the orbit [FMA53078:Roof of orbit]} and {nose [FMA46472:Nose]} ;
 * 369) 	   Sentence ID: 157
 * 370) *	  the middle area is convex, and consists of the under surface of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} :
 * 371) 	   Sentence ID: 158
 * 372) *	  it is adapted to the corresponding half of the {middle cranial fossa [FMA54369:Middle cranial fossa]}.
 * 373) 	   Sentence ID: 159
 * 374) *	  The posterior area is concave, directed medialward as well as downward , and is named the tentorial surface , since it rests upon the {tentorium cerebelli [FMA83966:Tentorium cerebelli]} ,
 * 375) 	   Sentence ID: 159
 * 376) *	  which intervenes between it and the upper surface of the {cerebellum [FMA67944:Cerebellum]}.
 * 377) 	   Sentence ID: 160
 * 378) *	  These three surfaces are separated from each other by the following borders :
 * 379) 	   Sentence ID: 161
 * 380) *	  ( a ) supero-medial, between the lateral and medial surfaces ; ( b ) infero-lateral , between the lateral and inferior surfaces ;
 * 381) 	   Sentence ID: 161
 * 382) *	  the anterior part of this border separating the lateral from the {orbital [FMA49034:Orbitalis]} surface, is known as the superciliary border ;
 * 383) 	   Sentence ID: 161
 * 384) *	  ( c ) medial occipital, separating the medial and tentorial surfaces ; and ( d ) medial {orbital [FMA49034:Orbitalis]} , separating the {orbital [FMA49034:Orbitalis]} from the medial surface.
 * 385) 	   Sentence ID: 162
 * 386) *	  The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the {frontal pole [FMA71028:Frontal pole (FP); FMA74885:Frontal pole]} ; the posterior, the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} ;
 * 387) 	   Sentence ID: 162
 * 388) *	  and the anterior end of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}, the {temporal pole [FMA71071:Temporal pole (TP); FMA74890:Temporal pole]}.
 * 389) 	   Sentence ID: 163
 * 390) *	  About 5 cm . in front of the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} on the infero-lateral border is an indentation or {notch [FMA75036:Notch]}, named the {preoccipital notch [FMA83739:Preoccipital notch]}.
 * 391) 	   Sentence ID: 165
 * 392) *	  The surfaces of the hemispheres are moulded into a number of irregular eminences, named gyri or convolutions , and separated by furrows termed fissures and sulci.
 * 393) 	   Sentence ID: 166
 * 394) *	  The furrows are of two kinds, complete and incomplete.
 * 395) 	   Sentence ID: 167
 * 396) *	  The former appear early in fetal life, are few in number , and are produced by infoldings of the entire thickness of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} wall , and give rise to corresponding elevations in the interior of the ventricle.
 * 397) 	   Sentence ID: 168
 * 398) *	  They comprise the {hippocampal fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]}, and parts of the calcarine and {collateral fissures [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]}.
 * 399) 	   Sentence ID: 169
 * 400) *	  The incomplete furrows are very numerous, and only indent the subjacent {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , without producing any corresponding elevations in the {ventricular cavity [FMA13238:Cavity of ventricle]}.
 * 401) 	   Sentence ID: 170
 * 402) *	  The gyri and their intervening fissures and the sulci are fairly constant in their arrangement ;
 * 403) 	   Sentence ID: 170
 * 404) *	  at the same time they vary within certain limits, not only in different individuals , but on the two hemispheres of the same {brain [FMA50801:Brain]}.
 * 405) 	   Sentence ID: 171
 * 406) *	  The convoluted condition of the surface permits of a great increase of the {gray matter [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} without the sacrifice of much additional space.
 * 407) 	   Sentence ID: 172
 * 408) *	  The number and extent of the gyri, as well as the depth of the intervening furrows , appear to bear a direct relation to the intellectual powers of the individual.
 * 409) 	   Sentence ID: 173
 * 410) *	  Certain of the fissures and sulci are utilized for the purpose of dividing the hemisphere into lobes, and are therefore termed interlobular ;
 * 411) 	   Sentence ID: 173
 * 412) *	  included under this category are the lateral cerebral, parietooccipital , calcarine , and {collateral fissures [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]} , the central and {cingulate sulci [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} , and the {sulcus circularis [FMA83753:Circular sulcus of insula]}.
 * 413) 	   Sentence ID: 174
 * 414) *	  The {Lateral Cerebral Fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} ( {fissura cerebri lateralis [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} [ Sylvii ] ; {fissure of Sylvius [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} ) is a well-marked cleft on the inferior and lateral surfaces of the hemisphere, and consists of a short stem which divides into three rami.
 * 415) 	   Sentence ID: 175
 * 416) *	  The stem is situated on the {base of the brain [FMA77700:Basal forebrain]}, and commences in a depression at the lateral angle of the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}.
 * 417) 	   Sentence ID: 176
 * 418) *	  From this {point [FMA50596:Point]} it extends between the anterior part of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} and the {orbital surface of the frontal lobe [FMA57406:Cerebral surface of orbital part of frontal bone]}, and reaches the lateral surface of the hemisphere.
 * 419) 	   Sentence ID: 177
 * 420) *	  Here it divides into three rami : an anterior horizontal, an anterior ascending , and a posterior.
 * 421) 	   Sentence ID: 179
 * 422) *	  The anterior horizontal ramus passes foward for about 2.5 cm . into the {inferior frontal gyrus [FMA61860:Inferior frontal gyrus]}, while the anterior ascending ramus extends upward into the same convolution for about an equal distance.
 * 423) 	   Sentence ID: 181
 * 424) *	  The posterior ramus is the longest ;
 * 425) 	   Sentence ID: 181
 * 426) *	  it runs backward and slightly upward for about 7 cm., and ends by an upward inflexion in the {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]}.
 * 427) 	   Sentence ID: 182
 * 428) *	  The {Central Sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} ( {sulcus centralis [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} [ Rolandi ] ; {fissure of Rolando [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} ; {central fissure [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} )  is situated about the middle of the lateral surface of the hemisphere, and begins in or near the {longitudinal cerebral fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]} , a little behind its mid-{point [FMA50596:Point]}.
 * 429) 	   Sentence ID: 183
 * 430) *	  It runs sinuously downward and forward, and ends a little above the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} , and about 2.5 cm . behind the anterior ascending ramus of the same fissure.
 * 431) 	   Sentence ID: 185
 * 432) *	  It described two chief curves : a superior {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} with its concavity directed forward, and an inferior {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} with its concavity directed backward.
 * 433) 	   Sentence ID: 187
 * 434) *	  The {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} forms an angle opening forward of about 70degree with the {median plane [FMA49450:Median plane]}.
 * 435) 	   Sentence ID: 188
 * 436) *	  The Parietooccipital Fissure ( fissura parietooccipitalis ).
 * 437) 	   Sentence ID: 189
 * 438) 	  - Only a small part of this fissure is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface.
 * 439) 	   Sentence ID: 190
 * 440) *	  The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure is situated about 5 cm . in front of the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm . in length.
 * 441) 	   Sentence ID: 193
 * 442) *	  The medial part of the parietooccipital fissure runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} below and behind the posterior end of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}.
 * 443) 	   Sentence ID: 194
 * 444) *	  In most cases it contains a submerged gyrus.
 * 445) 	   Sentence ID: 195
 * 446) *	  The {Calcarine Fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} ( {fissura calcarina [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} ) is on the medial surface of the hemisphere.
 * 447) 	   Sentence ID: 196
 * 448) *	  It begins near the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} in two converging rami, and runs forward to a {point [FMA50596:Point]} a little below the {splenium of the corpus callosum [FMA61948:Splenium of corpus callosum]} , where it is joined at an acute angle by the medial part of the parietooccipital fissure.
 * 449) 	   Sentence ID: 197
 * 450) *	  The anterior part of this fissure gives rise to the prominence of the {calcar avis [FMA78438:Calcarine spur; FMA83707:Calcar avis]} in the {posterior cornu [FMA83700:Occipital horn of lateral ventricle]} of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 451) 	   Sentence ID: 198
 * 452) *	  The {Cingulate Sulcus [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} ( {sulcus cinguli [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} ; {callosomarginal fissure [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} ) is on the medial surface of the hemisphere ;
 * 453) 	   Sentence ID: 198
 * 454) *	  it begins below the anterior end of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} and runs upward and forward nearly parallel to the rostrum of this body and, curving in front of the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} , is continued backward above the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} , and finally ascends to the supero-medial border of the hemisphere a short distance behind the upper end of the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]}.
 * 455) 	   Sentence ID: 199
 * 456) *	  It separates the superior {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} from the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]}.
 * 457) 	   Sentence ID: 200
 * 458) *	  The {Collateral Fissure [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]} ( fissura collateralis ) is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} to within a short distance of the {temporal pole [FMA71071:Temporal pole (TP); FMA74890:Temporal pole]}.
 * 459) 	    Sentence ID: 201
 * 460) *	  Behind, it lies below and lateral to the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} , from which it is separated by the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]} ;
 * 461) 	   Sentence ID: 201
 * 462) *	  in front, it is situated between the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} and the anterior part of the {fusiform gyrus [FMA61908:Fusiform gyrus]}.
 * 463) 	   Sentence ID: 202
 * 464) *	  The {Sulcus Circularis [FMA83753:Circular sulcus of insula]} ( {circuminsular fissure [FMA83753:Circular sulcus of insula]} ) is on the lower and lateral surfaces of the hemisphere :
 * 465) 	   Sentence ID: 203
 * 466) *	  it surrounds the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} and separates it from the {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]}, parietal , and {temporal lobes [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 467) 	   Sentence ID: 204
 * 468) *	  {Lobes of the Hemispheres [FMA77800:Set of cerebral lobes]}.
 * 469) 	   Sentence ID: 205
 * 470) 	  - By means of these fissures and sulci, assisted by certain arbitrary lines , each hemisphere is divided into the following lobes : the {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} , the parietal , the temporal , the occipital , the limbic , and the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]}.
 * 471) 	   Sentence ID: 207
 * 472) *	  {Frontal Lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} ( {lobus frontalis [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} ).
 * 473) 	   Sentence ID: 208
 * 474) 	  - On the lateral surface of the hemisphere this lobe extends from the {frontal pole [FMA71028:Frontal pole (FP); FMA74885:Frontal pole]} to the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]}, the latter separating it from the {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]}.
 * 475) 	   Sentence ID: 209
 * 476) *	  Below, it is limited by the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} ,
 * 477) 	   Sentence ID: 209
 * 478) *	  which intervenes between it and the {central lobe [FMA67329:Insula]}.
 * 479) 	   Sentence ID: 210
 * 480) *	  On the medial surface, it is separated from the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} by the {cingulate sulcus [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} ;
 * 481) 	   Sentence ID: 210
 * 482) *	  and on the inferior surface, it is bounded behind by the stem of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}.
 * 483) 	   Sentence ID: 211
 * 484) *	  The lateral {surface of the frontal lobe [FMA256267:Surface of frontal lobe]} is tranversed by three sulci which divide it into four gyri : the sulci are named the precentral, and the superior and inferior frontal ;
 * 485) 	   Sentence ID: 212
 * 486) *	  the gyri are the anterior central, and the superior , middle , and inferior {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]}.
 * 487) 	   Sentence ID: 213
 * 488) *	  The {precentral sulcus [FMA83800:Precentral sulcus]} runs parallel to the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]}, and is usually divided into an upper and a lower part ;
 * 489) 	   Sentence ID: 213
 * 490) *	  between it and the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} is the anterior central gyrus.
 * 491) 	   Sentence ID: 214
 * 492) *	  From the {precentral sulcus [FMA83800:Precentral sulcus]}, the superior and {inferior frontal sulci [FMA83757:Inferior frontal sulcus]} run forward and downward , and divide the remainder of the lateral surface of the lobe into three parallel gyri , named , respectively the superior , middle , and {inferior frontal gyri [FMA61860:Inferior frontal gyrus]}.
 * 493) 	   Sentence ID: 215
 * 494) *	  The anterior central gyrus ( gyrus centralis anterior ; ascending {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} convolution ; {precentral gyre [FMA61894:Precentral gyrus; FMA71044:Precentral gyrus (PRG)]} ) is bounded in front by the {precentral sulcus [FMA83800:Precentral sulcus]}, behind by the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} ;
 * 495) 	   Sentence ID: 215
 * 496) *	  it extends from the supero-medial border of the hemisphere to the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}.
 * 497) 	   Sentence ID: 216
 * 498) *	  The {superior frontal gyrus [FMA61857:Superior frontal gyrus]} ( gyrus {frontalis [FMA46757:Frontalis]} superior ; superfrontal gyre ) is situated above the {superior frontal sulcus [FMA83755:Superior frontal sulcus]} and is continued on to the medial surface of the hemisphere.
 * 499) 	   Sentence ID: 217
 * 500) *	  The portion on the lateral surface of the hemisphere is usually more or {less [FMA63048:Circular muscle layer of abdominal part of esophagus]} completely subdivided into an upper and a lower part by an antero-posterior {sulcus [:]}, the paramedial {sulcus [:]} ,
 * 501) 	   Sentence ID: 217
 * 502) *	  which, however , is frequently interrupted by bridging gyri.
 * 503) 	   Sentence ID: 218
 * 504) *	  The {middle frontal gyrus [FMA61859:Middle frontal gyrus]} ( {gyrus frontalis medius [FMA61859:Middle frontal gyrus]} ; medifrontal gyre ), between the superior and {inferior frontal sulci [FMA83757:Inferior frontal sulcus]} , is continuous with the {anterior orbital gyrus [FMA256196:Anterior orbital gyrus]} on the inferior surface of the hemisphere ;
 * 505) 	   Sentence ID: 218
 * 506) *	  it is frequently subdivided into two by a horizontal {sulcus [:]}, the medial {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} {sulcus [:]} of Eberstaller ,
 * 507) 	   Sentence ID: 218
 * 508) *	  which ends anteriorly in a wide bifurcation.
 * 509) 	   Sentence ID: 219
 * 510) *	  The {inferior frontal gyrus [FMA61860:Inferior frontal gyrus]} ( gyrus {frontalis [FMA46757:Frontalis]} inferior ; subfrontal gyre ) lies below the {inferior frontal sulcus [FMA83757:Inferior frontal sulcus]}, and extends forward from the lower part of the {precentral sulcus [FMA83800:Precentral sulcus]} ;
 * 511) 	   Sentence ID: 219
 * 512) *	  it is continuous with the lateral and {posterior orbital gyri [FMA80184:Posterior orbital gyrus]} on the under surface of the lobe.
 * 513) 	   Sentence ID: 220
 * 514) *	  It is subdivided by the anterior horizontal and ascending rami of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} into three parts, viz. , ( 1 ) the {orbital [FMA49034:Orbitalis]} part , below the anterior horizontal ramus of the fissure ; ( 2 ) the triangular part ( cap of Broca ) , between the ascending and horizontal rami ; and ( 3 ) the basilar part , behind the anterior ascending ramus.
 * 515) 	   Sentence ID: 221
 * 516) *	  The {left inferior frontal gyrus [FMA72658:Left inferior frontal gyrus]} is, as a rule , more highly developed than the right , and is named the gyrus of Broca , from the fact that Broca described it as the center for articulate speech.
 * 517) 	   Sentence ID: 222
 * 518) *	  The inferior or {orbital surface of the frontal lobe [FMA57406:Cerebral surface of orbital part of frontal bone]} is concave, and rests on the {orbital plate of the frontal bone [FMA54674:Orbital plate of frontal bone]}
 * 519) 	   Sentence ID: 222
 * 520) *	  It is divided into four {orbital gyri [FMA72020:Set of orbital gyri]} by a well-marked H-shaped {orbital sulcus [FMA83770:Orbital sulcus]}.
 * 521) 	   Sentence ID: 223
 * 522) *	  These are named, from their position , the medial , anterior , lateral , and {posterior orbital gyri [FMA80184:Posterior orbital gyrus]}.
 * 523) 	   Sentence ID: 224
 * 524) *	  The {medial orbital gyrus [FMA62419:Medial orbital gyrus]} presents a well-marked antero-posterior {sulcus [:]}, the {olfactory sulcus [FMA83769:Olfactory sulcus]} , for the olfactory tract ;
 * 525) 	   Sentence ID: 224
 * 526) *	  the portion medial to this is named the {straight gyrus [FMA61893:Straight gyrus]}, and is continuous with the {superior frontal gyrus [FMA61857:Superior frontal gyrus]} on the medial surface.
 * 527) 	   Sentence ID: 225
 * 528) *	  The medial {surface of the frontal lobe [FMA256267:Surface of frontal lobe]} is occupied by the medial part of the {superior frontal gyrus [FMA61857:Superior frontal gyrus]} ( {marginal gyrus [FMA61857:Superior frontal gyrus]} )
 * 529) 	   Sentence ID: 225
 * 530) *	  It lies between the {cingulate sulcus [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} and the supero-medial margin of the hemisphere.
 * 531) 	   Sentence ID: 226
 * 532) *	  The posterior part of this gyrus is sometimes marked off by a vertical {sulcus [:]}, and is distinguished as the {paracentral lobule [FMA77534:Paracentral lobule]} , because it is continuous with the anterior and {posterior central gyri [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]}.
 * 533) 	   Sentence ID: 227
 * 534) *	  {Parietal Lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]} ( {lobus parietalis [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]} ).
 * 535) 	   Sentence ID: 228
 * 536) *	  - The {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]} is separated from the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} by the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]}, but its boundaries below and behind are not so definite.
 * 537) 	   Sentence ID: 229
 * 538) *	  Posteriorly, it is limited by the parietooccipital fissure , and by a line carried across the hemisphere from the end of this fissure toward the {preoccipital notch [FMA83739:Preoccipital notch]}.
 * 539) 	   Sentence ID: 230
 * 540) *	  Below, it is separated from the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} by the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} , and by a line carried backward from it to meet the line passing downward to the {preoccipital notch [FMA83739:Preoccipital notch]}.
 * 541) 	   Sentence ID: 231
 * 542) *	  The lateral {surface of the parietal lobe [FMA256279:Surface of parietal lobe]} is cleft by a well-marked furrow, the {intraparietal sulcus [FMA83772:Intraparietal sulcus]} of Turner ,
 * 543) 	   Sentence ID: 231
 * 544) *	  which consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion.
 * 545) 	   Sentence ID: 232
 * 546) *	  The oblique part is named the {postcentral sulcus [FMA83774:Postcentral sulcus]}, and commences below , about midway between the lower end of the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} and the upturned end of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}.
 * 547) 	   Sentence ID: 233
 * 548) *	  It runs upward and backward, parallel to the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]} , and is sometimes divided into an upper and a lower ramus.
 * 549) 	   Sentence ID: 234
 * 550) *	  It forms the hinder limit of the {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]}.
 * 551) 	   Sentence ID: 235
 * 552) *	  From about the middle of the {postcentral sulcus [FMA83774:Postcentral sulcus]}, or from the upper end of its inferior ramus , the horizontal portion of the {intraparietal sulcus [FMA83772:Intraparietal sulcus]} is carried backward and slightly upward on the {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]} , and is prolonged , under the name of the occipital ramus , on to the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} , where it divides into two parts , which form nearly a right angle with the main stem and constitute the {transverse occipital sulcus [FMA83786:Transverse occipital sulcus]}.
 * 553) 	   Sentence ID: 236
 * 554) *	  The part of the {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]} above the horizontal portion of the {intraparietal sulcus [FMA83772:Intraparietal sulcus]} is named the {superior parietal lobule [FMA61899:Superior parietal lobule; FMA71058:Superior parietal lobule (SPL)]} ;
 * 555) 	   Sentence ID: 236
 * 556) *	  the part below, the {inferior parietal lobule [FMA61897:Supramarginal gyrus; FMA77536:Inferior parietal lobule]}.
 * 557) 	   Sentence ID: 237
 * 558) *	  The {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]} ( gyrus centralis posterior ; ascending parietal convolution ; {postcentral gyre [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus; FMA71042:Postcentral gyrus (POG)]} ) extends from the {longitudinal fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]} above to the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} below.
 * 559) 	   Sentence ID: 238
 * 560) *	  It lies parallel with the anterior central gyrus, with which it is connected below , and also , sometimes , above , the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]}.
 * 561) 	   Sentence ID: 239
 * 562) *	  The {superior parietal lobule [FMA61899:Superior parietal lobule; FMA71058:Superior parietal lobule (SPL)]} ( {lobulus parietalis superior [FMA61899:Superior parietal lobule]} ) is bounded in front by the upper part of the {postcentral sulcus [FMA83774:Postcentral sulcus]}, but is usually connected with the {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]} above the end of the {sulcus [:]} ;
 * 563) 	   Sentence ID: 239
 * 564) *	  behind it is the lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure, around the end of which it is joined to the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} by a curved gyrus , the arcus parietooccipitalis ;
 * 565) 	   Sentence ID: 239
 * 566) *	  below, it is separated from the {inferior parietal lobule [FMA61897:Supramarginal gyrus; FMA77536:Inferior parietal lobule]} by the horizontal portion of the {intraparietal sulcus [FMA83772:Intraparietal sulcus]}.
 * 567) 	   Sentence ID: 240
 * 568) *	  The {inferior parietal lobule [FMA61897:Supramarginal gyrus; FMA77536:Inferior parietal lobule]} ( {lobulus [FMA45737:Lobule]} parietalis inferior ; {subparietal district [FMA77536:Inferior parietal lobule]} or {lobule [FMA45737:Lobule]} ) lies below the horizontal portion of the {intraparietal sulcus [FMA83772:Intraparietal sulcus]}, and behind the lower part of the {postcentral sulcus [FMA83774:Postcentral sulcus]}.
 * 569) 	   Sentence ID: 241
 * 570) *	  It is divided from before backward into two gyri.
 * 571) 	   Sentence ID: 242
 * 572) *	  One, the supramarginal , arches over the upturned end of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} ;
 * 573) 	   Sentence ID: 242
 * 574) *	  it is continuous in front with the {postcentral gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus; FMA71042:Postcentral gyrus (POG)]}, and behind with the {superior temporal gyrus [FMA61905:Superior temporal gyrus]}.
 * 575) 	   Sentence ID: 243
 * 576) *	  The second, the angular , arches over the posterior end of the {superior temporal sulcus [FMA83783:Superior temporal sulcus]} , behind which it is continuous with the {middle temporal gyrus [FMA61906:Middle temporal gyrus]}.
 * 577) 	   Sentence ID: 244
 * 578) *	  The medial {surface of the parietal lobe [FMA256279:Surface of parietal lobe]} is bounded behind by the medial part of the parietooccipital fissure ;
 * 579) 	   Sentence ID: 244
 * 580) *	  in front, by the posterior end of the {cingulate sulcus [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]} ;
 * 581) 	   Sentence ID: 244
 * 582) *	  and below, it is separated from the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} by the {subparietal sulcus [FMA83777:Subparietal sulcus]}.
 * 583) 	   Sentence ID: 245
 * 584) *	  It is of small size, and consists of a square-shaped convolution ,
 * 585) 	   Sentence ID: 245
 * 586) *	  which is termed the {precuneus [FMA61900:Precuneus]} or quadrate lobe.
 * 587) 	   Sentence ID: 246
 * 588) *	  {Occipital Lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} ( {lobus occipitalis [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} ).
 * 589) 	   Sentence ID: 247
 * 590) *	  - The {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} is small and {pyramidal [FMA15568:Pyramidalis]} in shape ;
 * 591) 	   Sentence ID: 247
 * 592) *	  it presents three surfaces : lateral, medial , and tentorial.
 * 593) 	   Sentence ID: 249
 * 594) *	  The lateral surface is limited in front by the lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure, and by a line carried from the end of this fissure to the preoccipital notch ;
 * 595) 	   Sentence ID: 249
 * 596) *	  it is traversed by the transverse occipital and the {lateral occipital sulci [FMA83785:Lateral occipital sulcus]}.
 * 597) 	   Sentence ID: 250
 * 598) *	  The {transverse occipital sulcus [FMA83786:Transverse occipital sulcus]} is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the {intraparietal sulcus [FMA83772:Intraparietal sulcus]}, and runs across the upper part of the lobe , a short distance behind the parietooccipital fissure.
 * 599) 	   Sentence ID: 251
 * 600) *	  The {lateral occipital sulcus [FMA83785:Lateral occipital sulcus]} extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral {surface of the occipital lobe [FMA256273:Surface of occipital lobe]} into a superior and an inferior gyrus ,
 * 601) 	   Sentence ID: 251
 * 602) *	  which are continuous in front with the parietal and {temporal lobes [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 603) 	   Sentence ID: 252
 * 604) *	  The medial {surface of the occipital lobe [FMA256273:Surface of occipital lobe]} is bounded in front by the medial part of the parietooccipital fissure, and is traversed by the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} ,
 * 605) 	   Sentence ID: 252
 * 606) *	  which subdivides it into the {cuneus [FMA61903:Cuneus]} and the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]}.
 * 607) 	   Sentence ID: 253
 * 608) *	  The {cuneus [FMA61903:Cuneus]} is a wedge-shaped area between the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} and the medial part of the parietooccipital fissure.
 * 609) 	   Sentence ID: 254
 * 610) *	  The {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]} lies between the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} and the posterior part of the {collateral fissure [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]} ;
 * 611) 	   Sentence ID: 254
 * 612) *	  behind, it reaches the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} ;
 * 613) 	   Sentence ID: 254
 * 614) *	  in front, it is continued on to the tentorial {surface of the temporal lobe [FMA256285:Surface of temporal lobe]} , and joins the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 615) 	   Sentence ID: 255
 * 616) *	  The tentorial {surface of the occipital lobe [FMA256273:Surface of occipital lobe]} is limited in front by an imaginary transverse line through the {preoccipital notch [FMA83739:Preoccipital notch]}, and consists of the posterior part of the {fusiform gyrus [FMA61908:Fusiform gyrus]} ( occipitotemporal convolution ) and the lower part of the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]} ,
 * 617) 	   Sentence ID: 255
 * 618) *	  which are separated from each other by the posterior segment of the {collateral fissure [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]}.
 * 619) 	   Sentence ID: 256
 * 620) *	  {Temporal Lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} ( {lobus temporalis [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} ).
 * 621) 	   Sentence ID: 257
 * 622) *	  - The {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} presents superior, lateral , and inferior surfaces.
 * 623) 	   Sentence ID: 258
 * 624) *	  The superior surface forms the lower limit of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} and overlaps the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]}.
 * 625) 	   Sentence ID: 259
 * 626) *	  On opening out the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}, three or four gyri will be seen springing from the depth of the hinder end of the fissure , and running obliquely forward and outward on the posterior part of the upper surface of the {superior temporal gyrus [FMA61905:Superior temporal gyrus]} ;
 * 627) 	   Sentence ID: 259
 * 628) *	  these are named the {transverse temporal gyri [FMA72016:Set of transverse temporal gyri]} ( Heschl )
 * 629) 	   Sentence ID: 260
 * 630) *	  The lateral surface is bounded above by the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}, and by the imaginary line continued backward from it ;
 * 631) 	   Sentence ID: 260
 * 632) *	  below, it is limited by the infero-lateral border of the hemisphere.
 * 633) 	   Sentence ID: 261
 * 634) *	  It is divided into superior, middle , and inferior gyri by the superior and {middle temporal sulci [FMA83784:Inferior temporal sulcus]}.
 * 635) 	   Sentence ID: 262
 * 636) *	  The {superior temporal sulcus [FMA83783:Superior temporal sulcus]} runs from before backward across the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}, some little distance below , but parallel with , the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} ;
 * 637) 	   Sentence ID: 262
 * 638) *	  and hence it is often termed the {parallel sulcus [FMA83783:Superior temporal sulcus]}.
 * 639) 	   Sentence ID: 263
 * 640) *	  The {middle temporal sulcus [FMA83784:Inferior temporal sulcus]} takes the same direction as the superior, but is situated at a lower level , and is usually subdivided into two or more parts.
 * 641) 	   Sentence ID: 264
 * 642) *	  The {superior temporal gyrus [FMA61905:Superior temporal gyrus]} lies between the posterior ramus of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} and the {superior temporal sulcus [FMA83783:Superior temporal sulcus]}, and is continuous behind with the supramarginal and {angular gyri [FMA61898:Angular gyrus; FMA71018:Angular gyrus (AG)]}.
 * 643) 	   Sentence ID: 265
 * 644) *	  The {middle temporal gyrus [FMA61906:Middle temporal gyrus]} is placed between the superior and {middle temporal sulci [FMA83784:Inferior temporal sulcus]}, and is joined posteriorly with the {angular gyrus [FMA61898:Angular gyrus; FMA71018:Angular gyrus (AG)]}.
 * 645) 	   Sentence ID: 266
 * 646) *	  The {inferior temporal gyrus [FMA61907:Inferior temporal gyrus]} is placed below the {middle temporal sulcus [FMA83784:Inferior temporal sulcus]}, and is connected behind with the {inferior occipital gyrus [FMA61902:Lateral occipital gyrus]} ;
 * 647) 	   Sentence ID: 266
 * 648) *	  it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior {surface of the temporal lobe [FMA256285:Surface of temporal lobe]}, where it is limited by the inferior {sulcus [:]}.
 * 649) 	   Sentence ID: 267
 * 650) *	  The inferior surface is concave, and is continuous posteriorly with the tentorial {surface of the occipital lobe [FMA256273:Surface of occipital lobe]}.
 * 651) 	   Sentence ID: 268
 * 652) *	  It is traversed by the {inferior temporal sulcus [FMA74518:Occipitotemporal sulcus; FMA83784:Inferior temporal sulcus]} ,
 * 653) 	   Sentence ID: 268
 * 654) *	  which extends from near the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} behind, to within a short distance of the {temporal pole [FMA71071:Temporal pole (TP); FMA74890:Temporal pole]} in front , but is frequently subdivided by bridging gyri.
 * 655) 	   Sentence ID: 269
 * 656) *	  Lateral to this fissure is the narrow tentorial part of the {inferior temporal gyrus [FMA61907:Inferior temporal gyrus]}, and medial to it the {fusiform gyrus [FMA61908:Fusiform gyrus]} ,
 * 657) 	   Sentence ID: 269
 * 658) *	  which extends from the occipital to the {temporal pole [FMA71071:Temporal pole (TP); FMA74890:Temporal pole]} ;
 * 659) 	   Sentence ID: 269
 * 660) *	  this gyrus is limited medially by the {collateral fissure [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]} ,
 * 661) 	   Sentence ID: 269
 * 662) *	  which separates it from the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]} behind and from the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} in front.
 * 663) 	   Sentence ID: 270
 * 664) *	  The {Insula [FMA67329:Insula]} ( island of Reil ; {central lobe [FMA67329:Insula]} ) lies deeply in the lateral or {Sylvian fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}, and can only be seen when the {lips [FMA59815:Labial part of mouth]} of that fissure are widely separated , since it is overlapped and hidden by the gyri which bound the fissure.
 * 665) 	   Sentence ID: 271
 * 666) *	  These gyri are termed the opercula of the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} ;
 * 667) 	   Sentence ID: 271
 * 668) *	  they are separated from each other by the three rami of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}, and are named the {orbital [FMA49034:Orbitalis]} , {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} , frontoparietal , and {temporal opercula [FMA74891:Temporal operculum]}.
 * 669) 	   Sentence ID: 272
 * 670) *	  The {orbital operculum [FMA74887:Orbital operculum]} lies below the anterior horizontal ramus of the fissure, the {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} between this and the anterior ascending ramus , the parietal between the anterior ascending ramus and the upturned end of the posterior ramus , and the temporal below the posterior ramus.
 * 671) 	   Sentence ID: 273
 * 672) *	  The {frontal operculum [FMA74886:Frontal operculum]} is of small size in those cases where the anterior horizontal and ascending rami of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} arise from a common stem.
 * 673) 	   Sentence ID: 274
 * 674) *	  The {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} is surrounded by a deep {circular sulcus [FMA83753:Circular sulcus of insula]} which separates it from the {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]}, parietal , and {temporal lobes [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 675) 	   Sentence ID: 275
 * 676) *	  When the opercula have been removed, the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} is seen as a triangular eminence ,
 * 677) 	   Sentence ID: 275
 * 678) *	  the apex of which is directed toward the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}.
 * 679) 	   Sentence ID: 276
 * 680) *	  It is divided into a larger anterior and a smaller posterior part by a deep {sulcus [:]}, which runs backward and upward from the apex of the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]}.
 * 681) 	   Sentence ID: 277
 * 682) *	  The anterior part is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four short gyri, while the posterior part is formed by one long gyrus ,
 * 683) 	   Sentence ID: 277
 * 684) *	  which is often bifurcated at its upper end.
 * 685) 	   Sentence ID: 278
 * 686) *	  The cortical {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} is continuous with that of the different opercula, while its deep surface corresponds with the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]}.
 * 687) 	   Sentence ID: 279
 * 688) *	  {Limbic Lobe [FMA72719:Limbic lobe]} -
 * 689) 	   Sentence ID: 279
 * 690) *	  The term {limbic lobe [FMA72719:Limbic lobe]} was introduced by Broca, and under it he included the cingulate and {hippocampal gyri [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} ,
 * 691) 	   Sentence ID: 279
 * 692) *	  which together arch around the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} and the {hippocampal fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]}.
 * 693) 	   Sentence ID: 280
 * 694) *	  These he separated on the morphological ground that they are well-developed in animals possessing a keen sense of smell ( osmatic animals ), such as the dog and fox.
 * 695) 	   Sentence ID: 281
 * 696) *	  They were thus regarded as a part of the {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]}, but it is now recognized that they belong to the {neopallium [FMA62429:Neocortex]} ;
 * 697) 	   Sentence ID: 281
 * 698) *	  the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} is therefore sometimes described as a part of the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]}, and the {hippocampal [FMA62493:Hippocampus]} as a part of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 699) 	   Sentence ID: 282
 * 700) *	  The {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} ( {gyrus cinguli [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} ; callosal convolution ) is an arch-shaped convolution, lying in close relation to the superficial surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} , from which it is separated by a slit-like fissure , the callosal fissure.
 * 701) 	   Sentence ID: 283
 * 702) *	  It commences below the {rostrum of the corpus callosum [FMA61945:Rostrum of corpus callosum; FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum]}, curves around in front of the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} , extends along the upper {surface of the body [FMA61695:Body surface]} , and finally turns downward behind the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} , where it is connected by a narrow isthmus with the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 703) 	   Sentence ID: 284
 * 704) *	  It is separated from the medial part of the {superior frontal gyrus [FMA61857:Superior frontal gyrus]} by the {cingulate sulcus [FMA83748:Cingulate sulcus]}, and from the {precuneus [FMA61900:Precuneus]} by the {subparietal sulcus [FMA83777:Subparietal sulcus]}.
 * 705) 	   Sentence ID: 285
 * 706) *	  The {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} ( {gyrus hippocampi [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} ) is bounded above by the {hippocampal fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]}, and below by the anterior part of the {collateral fissure [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]}.
 * 707) 	   Sentence ID: 286
 * 708) *	  Behind, it is continuous superiorly , through the isthmus , with the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} and inferiorly with the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]}.
 * 709) 	   Sentence ID: 287
 * 710) *	  Running in the substance of the cingulate and {hippocampal gyri [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}, and connecting them together , is a tract of arched fibers , named the {cingulum [FMA56731:Cingulum of tooth]} ( page 843 ).
 * 711) 	   Sentence ID: 288
 * 712) *	  The anterior extremity of the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} is recurved in the form of a hook ( {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} ) ,
 * 713) 	   Sentence ID: 288
 * 714) *	  which is separated from the apex of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} by a slight fissure, the {incisura [FMA74524:Anterior cerebellar incisure; FMA75036:Notch]} {temporalis [FMA49006:Temporalis]}.
 * 715) 	   Sentence ID: 289
 * 716) *	  Although superficially continuous with the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}, the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} forms morphologically a part of the {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]}.
 * 717) 	   Sentence ID: 290
 * 718) *	  The {Hippocampal Fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]} ( fissura {hippocampi [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} ; {dentate fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]} ) begins immediately behind the {splenium of the corpus callosum [FMA61948:Splenium of corpus callosum]}, and runs forward between the {hippocampal [FMA62493:Hippocampus]} and {dentate gyri [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} to end in the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]}.
 * 719) 	   Sentence ID: 291
 * 720) *	  It is a complete fissure ( page 819 ), and gives rise to the prominence of the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} in the {inferior cornu of the lateral ventricle [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 721) 	   Sentence ID: 292
 * 722) *	  {Rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]} -
 * 723) 	   Sentence ID: 292
 * 724) *	  The {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]} comprises the olfactory lobe, the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} , the subcallosal and {supracallosal gyri [FMA61920:Supracallosal gyrus]} , the {fascia dentata hippocampi [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} , the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} , the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} , and the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]}.
 * 725) 	   Sentence ID: 293
 * 726) *	  1.
 * 727) 	   Sentence ID: 294
 * 728) *	  The Olfactory Lobe ( {lobus [FMA13367:Lobe of thyroid gland; FMA45728:Anatomical lobe]} olfactorius ) is situated under the inferior or {orbital surface of the frontal lobe [FMA57406:Cerebral surface of orbital part of frontal bone]}.
 * 729) 	   Sentence ID: 295
 * 730) *	  In many vertebrates it constitutes a well-marked portion of the hemisphere and contains an extension of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} ;
 * 731) 	   Sentence ID: 295
 * 732) *	  but in man and some other mammals it is rudimentary.
 * 733) 	   Sentence ID: 296
 * 734) *	  It consists of the {olfactory bulb [FMA77624:Olfactory bulb]} and tract, the {olfactory trigone [FMA74883:Olfactory trigone]} , the {parolfactory area [FMA61890:Subcallosal area]} of Broca , and the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}.
 * 735) 	   Sentence ID: 297
 * 736) *	  ( a ) The {olfactory bulb [FMA77624:Olfactory bulb]} ( {bulbus olfactorius [FMA77624:Olfactory bulb]} ) is an oval, reddish-gray mass which rests on the {cribriform plate [FMA52890:Cribriform plate]} of the {ethmoid [FMA52740:Ethmoid]} and forms the anterior expanded extremity of the {olfactory tract [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]}.
 * 737) 	   Sentence ID: 298
 * 738) *	  Its under surface receives the {olfactory nerves [FMA75450:Set of olfactory nerves]} ,
 * 739) 	   Sentence ID: 298
 * 740) *	  which pass upward through the {cribriform plate [FMA52890:Cribriform plate]} from the olfactory region of the {nasal cavity [FMA54378:Nasal cavity]}.
 * 741) 	   Sentence ID: 299
 * 742) *	  Its minute structure is described on page 848.
 * 743) 	   Sentence ID: 300
 * 744) *	  ( b ) The {olfactory tract [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]} ( {tractus olfactorius [FMA77626:Olfactory tract]} ) is a narrow white band, triangular on {coronal [FMA264717:Coronale]} section , the apex being directed upward.
 * 745) 	    Sentence ID: 301
 * 746) *	  It lies in the {olfactory sulcus [FMA83769:Olfactory sulcus]} on the inferior {surface of the frontal lobe [FMA256267:Surface of frontal lobe]}, and divides posteriorly into two striæ , a medial and a lateral.
 * 747) 	   Sentence ID: 302
 * 748) *	  The lateral stria is directed across the lateral part of the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} and then bends abruptly medialward toward the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} of the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 749) 	   Sentence ID: 303
 * 750) *	  The medial stria turns medialward behind the {parolfactory area [FMA61890:Subcallosal area]} and ends in the {subcallosal gyrus [FMA61919:Paraterminal gyrus]} ;
 * 751) 	   Sentence ID: 303
 * 752) *	  in some cases a small intermediate stria is seen running backward to the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}.
 * 753) 	   Sentence ID: 304
 * 754) *	  ( c ) The {olfactory trigone [FMA74883:Olfactory trigone]} ( {trigonum olfactorium [FMA74883:Olfactory trigone]} ) is a small triangular area in front of the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}.
 * 755) 	   Sentence ID: 305
 * 756) *	  Its apex, directed forward , occupies the posterior part of the {olfactory sulcus [FMA83769:Olfactory sulcus]} , and is brought into view by throwing {back [FMA24205:Surface of back]} the {olfactory tract [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]}.
 * 757) 	   Sentence ID: 306
 * 758) *	  ( d ) The {parolfactory area [FMA61890:Subcallosal area]} of Broca ( {area parolfactoria [FMA61890:Subcallosal area]} ) is a small triangular field on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the {subcallosal gyrus [FMA61919:Paraterminal gyrus]} ,
 * 759) 	   Sentence ID: 306
 * 760) *	  from which it is separated by the {posterior parolfactory sulcus [FMA83745:Posterior parolfactory sulcus]} ;
 * 761) 	   Sentence ID: 306
 * 762) *	  it is continuous below with the {olfactory trigone [FMA74883:Olfactory trigone]}, and above and in front with the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} ;
 * 763) 	   Sentence ID: 306
 * 764) *	  it is limited anteriorly by the {anterior parolfactory sulcus [FMA83744:Anterior parolfactory sulcus]}.
 * 765) 	   Sentence ID: 307
 * 766) *	  ( e ) The {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} ( {substantia perforata anterior [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} ) is an irregularly quadrilateral area in front of the {optic tract [FMA62046:Optic tract]} and behind the {olfactory trigone [FMA74883:Olfactory trigone]} ,
 * 767) 	   Sentence ID: 307
 * 768) *	  from which it is separated by the {fissure prima [FMA83729:Primary fissure of cerebellum]} ;
 * 769) 	   Sentence ID: 307
 * 770) *	  medially and in front it is continuous with the {subcallosal gyrus [FMA61919:Paraterminal gyrus]} ;
 * 771) 	   Sentence ID: 307
 * 772) *	  laterally it is bounded by the lateral stria of the {olfactory tract [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]} and is continued into the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]}.
 * 773) 	   Sentence ID: 308
 * 774) *	  Its {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} is confluent above with that of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]}, and is perforated anteriorly by numerous small bloodvessels.
 * 775) 	   Sentence ID: 309
 * 776) *	  2.
 * 777) 	   Sentence ID: 310
 * 778) *	  The {Uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} has already been described ( page 826 ) as the recurved, hook-like portion of the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 779) 	   Sentence ID: 311
 * 780) *	  3.
 * 781) 	   Sentence ID: 312
 * 782) *	  The Subcallosal, Supracallosal , and {Dentate Gyri [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} form a rudimentary arch-shaped lamina of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} extending over the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} and above the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} from the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} to the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]}.
 * 783) 	   Sentence ID: 313
 * 784) *	  ( a ) The {subcallosal gyrus [FMA61919:Paraterminal gyrus]} ( {gyrus subcallosus [FMA61919:Paraterminal gyrus]} ; peduncle of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} ) is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the {lamina terminalis [FMA61975:Lamina terminalis]}, behind the {parolfactory area [FMA61890:Subcallosal area]} , and below the {rostrum of the corpus callosum [FMA61945:Rostrum of corpus callosum; FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum]}.
 * 785) 	   Sentence ID: 314
 * 786) *	  It is continuous around the {genu of the corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum]} with the {supracallosal gyrus [FMA61920:Supracallosal gyrus]}.
 * 787) 	   Sentence ID: 315
 * 788) *	  ( b ) The {supracallosal gyrus [FMA61920:Supracallosal gyrus]} ( {indusium griseum [FMA62488:Induseum griseum]} ; gyrus epicallosus ) consists of a thin layer of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} in contact with the upper surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} and continuous laterally with the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]}.
 * 789) 	   Sentence ID: 316
 * 790) *	  It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and {lateral longitudinal stri [FMA62439:Lateral longitudinal stria]}æ.
 * 791) 	   Sentence ID: 317
 * 792) *	  The {supracallosal gyrus [FMA61920:Supracallosal gyrus]} is prolonged around the {splenium of the corpus callosum [FMA61948:Splenium of corpus callosum]} as a delicate lamina, the {fasciola cinerea [FMA61921:Fasciolar gyrus]} ,
 * 793) 	   Sentence ID: 317
 * 794) *	  which is continuous below with the {fascia dentata hippocampi [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]}.
 * 795) 	   Sentence ID: 318
 * 796) *	  ( c ) The {fascia dentata hippocampi [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} ( {gyrus dentatus [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} ) is a narrow band extending downward and forward above the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} but separated from it by the {hippocampal fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]} ;
 * 797) 	   Sentence ID: 318
 * 798) *	  its free margin is notched and overlapped by the fimbria - the {fimbriodentate fissure [FMA83728:Fimbriodentate fissure]} intervening.
 * 799) 	   Sentence ID: 319
 * 800) *	  Anteriorly it is continued into the {notch [FMA75036:Notch]} of the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]}, where it forms a sharp bend and is then prolonged as a delicate band , the band of Giacomini , over the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} ,
 * 801) 	   Sentence ID: 319
 * 802) *	  on the lateral surface of which it is lost.
 * 803) 	   Sentence ID: 320
 * 804) *	  The remaining parts of the {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]}, viz. , the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} , {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} , and {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} , will be described in connection with the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 805) 	   Sentence ID: 321
 * 806) *	  Interior of the {Cerebral Hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]}.
 * 807) 	   Sentence ID: 322
 * 808) 	  - If the upper part of either hemisphere be removed, at a level about 1.25 cm . above the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} , the central {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} will be exposed as an oval-shaped area , the {centrum ovale [FMA61939:Semioval center]} minus , surrounded by a narrow convoluted margin of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} , and studded with numerous minute red dots ( puncta vasculosa ) , produced by the escape of blood from divided {blood [FMA9670:Portion of blood]}vessels.
 * 809) 	   Sentence ID: 324
 * 810) *	  If the remaining portions of the hemispheres be slightly drawn apart a broad band of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]}, the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} , will be observed , connecting them at the bottom of the {longitudinal fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]} ;
 * 811) 	   Sentence ID: 324
 * 812) *	  the margins of the hemispheres which overlap the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} are called the labia {cerebri [FMA62000:Telencephalon]}.
 * 813) 	   Sentence ID: 325
 * 814) *	  Each labrium is part of the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]} already described ;
 * 815) 	   Sentence ID: 325
 * 816) *	  and the slit-like interval between it and the upper surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} is termed the callosal fissure
 * 817) 	   Sentence ID: 325
 * 818) *	  If the hemispheres be sliced off to a level with the upper surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}, the {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} of that structure will be seen connecting the two hemispheres.
 * 819) 	   Sentence ID: 326
 * 820) *	  The large expanse of medullary matter now exposed, surrounded by the convoluted margin of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} , is called the {centrum ovale [FMA61939:Semioval center]} majus.
 * 821) 	   Sentence ID: 327
 * 822) *	  The {Corpus Callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} is the great transverse commissure which unites the {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} and roofs in the {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 823) 	   Sentence ID: 328
 * 824) *	  A good conception of its position and size is obtained by examining a median sagittal section of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} when it is seen to form an arched structure about 10 cm . long.
 * 825) 	   Sentence ID: 330
 * 826) *	  Its anterior end is about 4 cm . from the {frontal pole [FMA71028:Frontal pole (FP); FMA74885:Frontal pole]}, and its posterior end about 6 cm . from the {occipital pole [FMA71036:Occipital pole (OP); FMA74892:Occipital pole]} of the hemisphere.
 * 827) 	   Sentence ID: 333
 * 828) *	  The anterior end is named the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]}, and is bent downward and backward in front of the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} ;
 * 829) 	   Sentence ID: 333
 * 830) *	  diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum ,
 * 831) 	   Sentence ID: 333
 * 832) *	  which is connected below with the {lamina terminalis [FMA61975:Lamina terminalis]}.
 * 833) 	   Sentence ID: 334
 * 834) *	  The {anterior cerebral arteries [FMA50028:Anterior cerebral artery]} are in contact with the under surface of the rostrum ;
 * 835) 	   Sentence ID: 334
 * 836) *	  they then arch over the front of the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]}, and are carried backward above the {body of the corpus callosum [FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum]}.
 * 837) 	   Sentence ID: 335
 * 838) *	  The posterior end is termed the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} and constitutes the thickest part of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}.
 * 839) 	   Sentence ID: 336
 * 840) *	  It overlaps the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} and the {mid-brain [FMA61993:Midbrain]}, and ends in a thick , convex , free border.
 * 841) 	   Sentence ID: 337
 * 842) *	  A sagittal section of the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} shows that the posterior end of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} is acutely bent forward, the upper and lower parts being applied to each other.
 * 843) 	   Sentence ID: 338
 * 844) *	  The superior surface is convex from before backward, and is about 2.5 cm . wide.
 * 845) 	   Sentence ID: 340
 * 846) *	  Its medial part forms the bottom of the {longitudinal fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]}, and is in contact posteriorly with the lower border of the {falx cerebri [FMA83967:Falx cerebri]}.
 * 847) 	   Sentence ID: 341
 * 848) *	  Laterally it is overlapped by the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]}, but is separated from it by the slit-like callosal fissure.
 * 849) 	   Sentence ID: 342
 * 850) *	  It is traversed by numerous transverse {ridges [FMA75035:Crest]} and furrows, and is covered by a thin layer of {gray matter [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} , the {supracallosal gyrus [FMA61920:Supracallosal gyrus]} ,
 * 851) 	   Sentence ID: 342
 * 852) *	  which exhibits on either side of the middle line the medial and {lateral longitudinal stri [FMA62439:Lateral longitudinal stria]}æ, already described ( page 827 ).
 * 853) 	   Sentence ID: 343
 * 854) *	  The inferior surface is concave, and forms on either side of the middle line the roof of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 855) 	   Sentence ID: 344
 * 856) *	  Medially, this surface is attached in front to the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} ;
 * 857) 	   Sentence ID: 344
 * 858) *	  behind this it is fused with the upper {surface of the body [FMA61695:Body surface]} of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]}, while the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} is in contact with the {tela chorioidea [FMA242849:Tela choroidea]}.
 * 859) 	   Sentence ID: 345
 * 860) *	  On either side, the fibers of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} radiate in the {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex ;
 * 861) 	   Sentence ID: 345
 * 862) *	  those curving forward from the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} into the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} , the forceps posterior.
 * 863) 	   Sentence ID: 346
 * 864) *	  Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the {tapetum [FMA77208:Tapetum]} and extend laterally on either side into the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}, and cover in the {central part of the lateral ventricle [FMA83703:Body of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 865) 	   Sentence ID: 347
 * 866) *	  The {Lateral Ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} ( {ventriculus lateralis [FMA74520:Frontal horn of lateral ventricle; FMA83700:Occipital horn of lateral ventricle; FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle; FMA83703:Body of lateral ventricle]} ) - The two {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} are irregular {cavities [:]} situated in the lower and medial parts of the {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]}, one on either side of the middle line.
 * 867) 	   Sentence ID: 348
 * 868) *	  They are separated from each other by a median vertical partition, the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} , but communicate with the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} and indirectly with each other through the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]}.
 * 869) 	   Sentence ID: 349
 * 870) *	  They are lined by a thin, diaphanous membrane , the {ependyma [FMA242791:Ependyma of neuraxis]} , covered by ciliated {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} , and contain {cerebrospinal fluid [FMA20935:Cerebrospinal fluid]} ,
 * 871) 	   Sentence ID: 349
 * 872) *	  which, even in health , may be secreted in considerable amount.
 * 873) 	   Sentence ID: 350
 * 874) *	  Each {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} consists of a central part or body, and three prolongations from it , termed cornua.
 * 875) 	   Sentence ID: 351
 * 876) *	  The {central part ( pars centralis ventriculi lateralis ; cella ) of the lateral ventricle extends [FMA83703:Body of lateral ventricle]} from the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} to the {splenium of the corpus callosum [FMA61948:Splenium of corpus callosum]}.
 * 877) 	   Sentence ID: 352
 * 878) *	  It is an irregularly curved cavity, triangular on transverse section , with a roof , a floor , and a medial wall.
 * 879) 	   Sentence ID: 353
 * 880) *	  The roof is formed by the under surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} ;
 * 881) 	   Sentence ID: 353
 * 882) *	  the floor by the following parts, enumerated in their order of position , from before backward : the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} , the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} and the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]} , the lateral portion of the upper surface of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} , the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} , and the lateral part of the fornix ;
 * 883) 	   Sentence ID: 354
 * 884) *	  the medial wall is the posterior part of the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} ,
 * 885) 	   Sentence ID: 354
 * 886) *	  which separates it from the opposite ventricle.
 * 887) 	   Sentence ID: 355
 * 888) *	  The anterior cornu ( {cornu anterius [FMA74520:Frontal horn of lateral ventricle]} ; anterior horn ; precornu ) passes forward and lateralward, with a slight inclination downward , from the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} into the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} , curving around the anterior end of the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]}.
 * 889) 	   Sentence ID: 356
 * 890) *	  Its floor is formed by the upper surface of the reflected portion of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}, the rostrum.
 * 891) 	   Sentence ID: 357
 * 892) *	  It is bounded medially by the anterior portion of the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]}, and laterally by the {head of the caudate nucleus [FMA61852:Head of caudate nucleus]}.
 * 893) 	   Sentence ID: 358
 * 894) *	  Its apex reaches the posterior surface of the {genu of the corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum]}.
 * 895) 	   Sentence ID: 359
 * 896) *	  The {posterior cornu [FMA83700:Occipital horn of lateral ventricle]} ( {cornu posterius [FMA83700:Occipital horn of lateral ventricle]} ; postcornu )  passes into the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}, its direction being backward and lateralward , and then medialward.
 * 897) 	   Sentence ID: 360
 * 898) *	  Its roof is formed by the fibers of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} passing to the temporal and {occipital lobes [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}.
 * 899) 	   Sentence ID: 361
 * 900) *	  On its medial wall is a longitudinal eminence, the {calcar avis [FMA78438:Calcarine spur; FMA83707:Calcar avis]} ( {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} minor ) ,
 * 901) 	   Sentence ID: 361
 * 902) *	  which is an involution of the {ventricular wall [FMA13884:Wall of ventricle]} produced by the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]}.
 * 903) 	   Sentence ID: 362
 * 904) *	  Above this the forceps posterior of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}, sweeping around to enter the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} , causes another projection , termed the {bulb of the posterior cornu [FMA83699:Bulb of occipital horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 905) 	   Sentence ID: 363
 * 906) *	  The {calcar avis [FMA78438:Calcarine spur; FMA83707:Calcar avis]} and {bulb of the posterior cornu [FMA83699:Bulb of occipital horn of lateral ventricle]} are extremely variable in their degree of development ;
 * 907) 	   Sentence ID: 363
 * 908) *	  in some cases they are ill-defined ,
 * 909) 	   Sentence ID: 363
 * 910) *	  in others prominent.
 * 911) 	   Sentence ID: 364
 * 912) *	  The {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} ( cornu inferior ; descending horn ; middle horn ; medicornu ) the largest of the three, traverses the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} , forming in its course a curve around the posterior end of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 913) 	   Sentence ID: 365
 * 914) *	  It passes at first backward, lateralward , and downward , and then curves forward to within 2.5 cm . of the apex of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} , its direction being fairly well indicated on the {surface of the brain [FMA86594:Surface of brain]} by that of the {superior temporal sulcus [FMA83783:Superior temporal sulcus]}.
 * 915) 	   Sentence ID: 367
 * 916) *	  Its roof is formed chiefly by the inferior surface of the {tapetum [FMA77208:Tapetum]} of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} ,
 * 917) 	   Sentence ID: 367
 * 918) *	  but the {tail of the caudate nucleus [FMA61854:Tail of caudate nucleus]} and the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} also extend forward in the roof of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} to its extremity ;
 * 919) 	   Sentence ID: 367
 * 920) *	  the {tail of the caudate nucleus [FMA61854:Tail of caudate nucleus]} joins the {putamen [FMA61834:Putamen]}.
 * 921) 	   Sentence ID: 368
 * 922) *	  Its floor presents the following parts : the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]}, the {fimbria hippocampi [FMA83866:Fimbria of hippocampus]} , the {collateral eminence [FMA83706:Collateral eminence]} , and the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]}.
 * 923) 	   Sentence ID: 370
 * 924) *	  When the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} is removed, a cleft-like opening is left along the medial wall of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} ;
 * 925) 	   Sentence ID: 370
 * 926) *	  this cleft constitutes the lower part of the {choroidal fissure [FMA74512:Choroidal fissure]}.
 * 927) 	   Sentence ID: 371
 * 928) *	  The {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} ( {hippocampus major [FMA62493:Hippocampus]} )  is a curved eminence, about 5 cm . long ,
 * 929) 	   Sentence ID: 372
 * 930) *	  which extends throughout the entire length of the floor of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 931) 	   Sentence ID: 373
 * 932) *	  Its lower end is enlarged, and presents two or three rounded elevations or digitations which give it a paw-like appearance ,
 * 933) 	   Sentence ID: 373
 * 934) *	  and hence it is named the {pes hippocampi [FMA84032:Set of hippocampal digitations]}.
 * 935) 	   Sentence ID: 374
 * 936) *	  If a transverse section be made through the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]}, it will be seen that this eminence is produced by the folding of the wall of the hemisphere to form the {hippocampal fissure [FMA83747:Hippocampal sulcus]}.
 * 937) 	   Sentence ID: 375
 * 938) *	  The main mass of the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} consists of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]}, but on its ventricular surface is a thin white layer , the {alveus [FMA83867:Alveus of hippocampus]} ,
 * 939) 	   Sentence ID: 375
 * 940) *	  which is continuous with the {fimbria hippocampi [FMA83866:Fimbria of hippocampus]}.
 * 941) 	   Sentence ID: 376
 * 942) *	  The {collateral eminence [FMA83706:Collateral eminence]} ( {eminentia collateralis [FMA83706:Collateral eminence]} ) is an elongated swelling lying lateral to and parallel with the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]}.
 * 943) 	   Sentence ID: 377
 * 944) *	  It corresponds with the middle part of the {collateral fissure [FMA83751:Collateral sulcus]}, and its size depends on the depth and direction of this fissure.
 * 945) 	   Sentence ID: 378
 * 946) *	  It is continuous behind with a flattened triangular area, the {trigonum collaterale [FMA83713:Collateral trigone]} , situated between the posterior and {inferior cornua [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 947) 	   Sentence ID: 379
 * 948) *	  The {fimbria hippocampi [FMA83866:Fimbria of hippocampus]} is a continuation of the {crus of the fornix [FMA61969:Posterior column of fornix of forebrain]}, and will be discussed with that body ;
 * 949) 	   Sentence ID: 379
 * 950) *	  a description of the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} will be found on page 840.
 * 951) 	   Sentence ID: 380
 * 952) *	  The {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} has received its name from the striped appearance which a section of its anterior part presents, in consequence of diverging white fibers being mixed with the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} which forms its chief mass.
 * 953) 	   Sentence ID: 381
 * 954) *	  A part of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} is imbedded in the {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} of the hemisphere, and is therefore external to the ventricle ;
 * 955) 	   Sentence ID: 381
 * 956) *	  it is termed the extraventricular portion, or the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} ;
 * 957) 	   Sentence ID: 381
 * 958) *	  the remainder, however , projects into the ventricle , and is named the intraventricular portion , or the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]}
 * 959) 	   Sentence ID: 382
 * 960) *	  The {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} ( {nucleus caudatus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} ; {caudatum [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} )  is a pear-shaped, highly arched gray mass ;
 * 961) 	   Sentence ID: 382
 * 962) *	  its broad extremity, or {head [FMA7154:Head]} , is directed forward into the anterior cornu of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} , and is continuous with the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]} and with the anterior end of the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} ;
 * 963) 	   Sentence ID: 382
 * 964) *	  its narrow end, or tail , is directed backward on the lateral side of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ,
 * 965) 	   Sentence ID: 382
 * 966) *	  from which it is separated by the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} and the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]}.
 * 967) 	   Sentence ID: 383
 * 968) *	  It is then continued downward into the roof of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}, and ends in the {putamen [FMA61834:Putamen]} near the apex of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 969) 	   Sentence ID: 384
 * 970) *	  It is covered by the lining of the ventricle, and crossed by some {veins [FMA63814:Set of veins]} of considerable size.
 * 971) 	   Sentence ID: 385
 * 972) *	  It is separated from the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]}, in the greater part of its extent , by a thick lamina of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , called the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} ,
 * 973) 	   Sentence ID: 385
 * 974) *	  but the two portions of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} are united in front.
 * 975) 	   Sentence ID: 386
 * 976) *	  The {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} ( {nucleus lentiformis [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} ; {lenticular nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} ; lenticula ) is lateral to the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, and is seen only in sections of the hemisphere.
 * 977) 	   Sentence ID: 387
 * 978) *	  When divided horizontally, it exhibits , to some extent , the appearance of a biconvex {lens [FMA58241:Lens]} while a {coronal [FMA264717:Coronale]} section of its central part presents a somewhat triangular outline.
 * 979) 	   Sentence ID: 388
 * 980) *	  It is shorter than the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and does not extend as far forward.
 * 981) 	   Sentence ID: 389
 * 982) *	  It is bounded laterally by a lamina of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} called the {external capsule [FMA61959:External capsule]}, and lateral to this is a thin layer of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} termed the {claustrum [FMA67440:Claustrum]}.
 * 983) 	   Sentence ID: 390
 * 984) *	  Its anterior end is continuous with the lower part of the {head of the caudate nucleus [FMA61852:Head of caudate nucleus]} and with the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}.
 * 985) 	   Sentence ID: 391
 * 986) *	  In a {coronal [FMA264717:Coronale]} section through the middle of the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]}, two medullary laminæ are seen dividing it into three parts.
 * 987) 	   Sentence ID: 392
 * 988) *	  The lateral and largest part is of a reddish color, and is known as the {putamen [FMA61834:Putamen]} , while the medial and intermediate are of a yellowish tint , and together constitute the {globus pallidus [FMA61835:Globus pallidus; FMA61839:Lateral globus pallidus; FMA61840:Medial globus pallidus; FMA62469:Lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus; FMA62470:Medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus]} ;
 * 989) 	   Sentence ID: 392
 * 990) *	  all three are marked by fine radiating white fibers, which are most distinct in the {putamen [FMA61834:Putamen]}
 * 991) 	   Sentence ID: 393
 * 992) *	  The {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} is traversed by {nerve fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]}, some of which originate in it.
 * 993) 	   Sentence ID: 394
 * 994) *	  The cells are multipolar, both large and small ;
 * 995) 	   Sentence ID: 394
 * 996) *	  those of the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} contain yellow pigment.
 * 997) 	   Sentence ID: 395
 * 998) *	  The {caudate [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and {lentiform nuclei [FMA84037:Set of lentiform nuclei]} are not only directly continuous with each other anteriorly, but are connected to each other by numerous fibers.
 * 999) 	   Sentence ID: 396
 * 1000) *	  The {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} is also connected : ( 1 ) to the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}, by what are termed the corticostriate fibers ; ( 2 ) to the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} , by fibers which pass through the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} , and by a strand named the ansa lentiformis ; ( 3 ) to the {cerebral peduncle [FMA62394:Peduncle of midbrain; FMA72464:Cerebral crus]} , by fibers which leave the lower aspect of the {caudate [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and {lentiform nuclei [FMA84037:Set of lentiform nuclei]}.
 * 1001) 	   Sentence ID: 398
 * 1002) *	  The {claustrum [FMA67440:Claustrum]}  is a thin layer of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]}, situated on the lateral surface of the {external capsule [FMA61959:External capsule]}.
 * 1003) 	   Sentence ID: 399
 * 1004) *	  Its transverse section is triangular, with the apex directed upward.
 * 1005) 	   Sentence ID: 400
 * 1006) *	  Its medial surface, contiguous to the {external capsule [FMA61959:External capsule]} , is smooth , but its lateral surface presents {ridges [FMA75035:Crest]} and furrows corresponding with the gyri and sulci of the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} , with which it is in close relationship.
 * 1007) 	    Sentence ID: 401
 * 1008) *	  The {claustrum [FMA67440:Claustrum]} is regarded as a detached portion of the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} ,
 * 1009) 	   Sentence ID: 401
 * 1010) *	  from which it is separated by a layer of white fibers, the {capsula extrema [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]} ( {band of Baillarger [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]} ).
 * 1011) 	   Sentence ID: 402
 * 1012) *	  Its cells are small and spindle-shaped, and contain yellow pigment ;
 * 1013) 	   Sentence ID: 402
 * 1014) *	  they are similar to those of the deepest layer of the cortex.
 * 1015) 	   Sentence ID: 403
 * 1016) *	  The {nucleus amygdalæ [FMA61841:Amygdala]} ( {amygdala [FMA61841:Amygdala]} ) is an ovoid gray mass, situated at the lower end of the roof of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1017) 	   Sentence ID: 404
 * 1018) *	  It is merely a localized thickening of the gray cortex, continuous with that of the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} ;
 * 1019) 	   Sentence ID: 404
 * 1020) *	  in front it is continuous with the {putamen [FMA61834:Putamen]}, behind with the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} and the {tail of the caudate nucleus [FMA61854:Tail of caudate nucleus]}.
 * 1021) 	   Sentence ID: 405
 * 1022) *	  The {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} ( {capsula interna [FMA61950:Internal capsule; FMA61952:Anterior limb of internal capsule; FMA61954:Posterior limb of internal capsule]} )  is a flattened band of white fibers, between the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} on the lateral side and the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} on the medial side.
 * 1023) 	   Sentence ID: 406
 * 1024) *	  In horizontal section it is seen to be somewhat abruptly curved, with its convexity inward ;
 * 1025) 	   Sentence ID: 406
 * 1026) *	  the prominence of the curve is called the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]}, and projects between the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 1027) 	   Sentence ID: 407
 * 1028) *	  The portion in front of the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} is termed the {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} part, and separates the lentiform from the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} ;
 * 1029) 	   Sentence ID: 407
 * 1030) *	  the portion behind the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} is the occipital part, and separates the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} from the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 1031) 	   Sentence ID: 408
 * 1032) *	  The {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} part of the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} contains : ( 1 ) fibers running from the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} to the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} ; ( 2 ) fibers connecting the lentiform and {caudate nuclei [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} ; ( 3 ) fibers connecting the cortex with the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} ; and ( 4 ) fibers passing from the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} through the medial fifth of the {base of the cerebral peduncle [FMA242166:Base of midbrain peduncle]} to the {nuclei pontis [FMA72512:Pontine nuclear group]}.
 * 1033) 	   Sentence ID: 410
 * 1034) *	  The fibers in the region of the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} are named the {geniculate fibers [FMA61953:Genu of internal capsule]} ;
 * 1035) 	   Sentence ID: 410
 * 1036) *	  they originate in the motor part of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}, and , after passing downward through the {base of the cerebral peduncle [FMA242166:Base of midbrain peduncle]} with {the cerebrospinal fibers [FMA265580:Corticospinal tract]} , undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of the {cranial nerves [FMA63820:Set of cranial nerves]} of the opposite side.
 * 1037) 	   Sentence ID: 411
 * 1038) *	  The anterior two-thirds of {the occipital part of the internal capsule [FMA61954:Posterior limb of internal capsule]} contains {the cerebrospinal fibers [FMA265580:Corticospinal tract]} ,
 * 1039) 	   Sentence ID: 411
 * 1040) *	  which arise in the motor area of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]} and, passing downward through the middle three-fifths of the {base of the cerebral peduncle [FMA242166:Base of midbrain peduncle]} , are continued into the {pyramids of the medulla oblongata [FMA75254:Pyramid of medulla]}.
 * 1041) 	   Sentence ID: 412
 * 1042) *	  The posterior third of the occipital part contains : ( 1 ) sensory fibers, largely derived from the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} , though some may be continued upward from the {medial lemniscus [FMA83675:Medial lemniscus]} ; ( 2 ) the fibers of {optic radiation [FMA61941:Optic radiation]} , from the lower visual centers to the cortex of the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} ; ( 3 ) acoustic fibers , from the {lateral lemniscus [FMA72502:Lateral lemniscus]} to the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} ; and ( 4 ) fibers which pass from the occipital and {temporal lobes [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} to the {nuclei pontis [FMA72512:Pontine nuclear group]}.
 * 1043) 	   Sentence ID: 414
 * 1044) *	  The fibers of the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} radiate widely as they pass to and from the various parts of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}, forming the {corona radiata [FMA18661:Corona radiata]} and intermingling with the fibers of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}.
 * 1045) 	   Sentence ID: 415
 * 1046) *	  The {external capsule [FMA61959:External capsule]} ( {capsula externa [FMA61959:External capsule]} ) is a lamina of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]}, situated lateral to the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} , between it and the {claustrum [FMA67440:Claustrum]} , and continuous with the {internal capsule [FMA61950:Internal capsule]} below and behind the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]}.
 * 1047) 	   Sentence ID: 416
 * 1048) *	  It probably contains fibers derived from the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} , and the {subthalamic region [FMA62010:Subthalamus]}.
 * 1049) 	   Sentence ID: 417
 * 1050) *	  The {substantia innominata of Meynert [FMA61885:Substantia innominata]} is a stratum consisting partly of gray and partly of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} ,
 * 1051) 	   Sentence ID: 417
 * 1052) *	  which lies below the anterior part of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} and {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]}.
 * 1053) 	   Sentence ID: 418
 * 1054) *	  It consists of three layers, superior , middle , and inferior.
 * 1055) 	   Sentence ID: 419
 * 1056) *	  The superior layer is named the {ansa lentiformis [FMA62070:Ansa lenticularis]} ,
 * 1057) 	   Sentence ID: 419
 * 1058) *	  and its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} , pass medially to end in the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} and {subthalamic region [FMA62010:Subthalamus]} , while others are said to end in the tegmentum and {red nucleus [FMA62407:Red nucleus]}.
 * 1059) 	   Sentence ID: 420
 * 1060) *	  The middle layer consists of {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} and {nerve fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]} ;
 * 1061) 	   Sentence ID: 420
 * 1062) *	  fibers enter it from the {parietal lobe [FMA61826:Parietal lobe]} through the {external capsule [FMA61959:External capsule]}, while others are said to connect it with the {medial longitudinal fasciculus [FMA83846:Medial longitudinal fasciculus]}.
 * 1063) 	   Sentence ID: 421
 * 1064) *	  The inferior layer forms the main part of the inferior stalk of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, and connects this body with the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} and the {insula [FMA67329:Insula]}.
 * 1065) 	   Sentence ID: 422
 * 1066) *	  The {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} ( tænia semicircularis ) is a narrow band of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} situated in the depression between the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 1067) 	   Sentence ID: 423
 * 1068) *	  Anteriorly, its fibers are partly continued into the column of the fornix ;
 * 1069) 	   Sentence ID: 423
 * 1070) *	  some, however , pass over the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} to the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} between the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} and {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} , while others are said to enter the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]}.
 * 1071) 	   Sentence ID: 424
 * 1072) *	  Posteriorly, it is continued into the roof of the {inferior cornu of the lateral ventricle [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} ,
 * 1073) 	   Sentence ID: 424
 * 1074) *	  at the extremity of which it enters the {nucleus amygdalæ [FMA61841:Amygdala]}.
 * 1075) 	   Sentence ID: 425
 * 1076) *	  Superficial to it is a large {vein [FMA50723:Vein]}, the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]} ( {vein [FMA50723:Vein]} of the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} ) ,
 * 1077) 	   Sentence ID: 425
 * 1078) *	  which receives numerous tributaries from the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} and {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ;
 * 1079) 	   Sentence ID: 425
 * 1080) *	  it runs forward to the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} and there joins with the {vein [FMA50723:Vein]} of the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} to form the corresponding {internal cerebral vein [FMA51003:Internal cerebral vein]}.
 * 1081) 	   Sentence ID: 426
 * 1082) *	  On the surface of the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]} is a narrow white band, named the {lamina affixa [FMA83709:Lamina affixa]}.
 * 1083) 	   Sentence ID: 427
 * 1084) *	  The {Fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]}  is a longitudinal, arch-shaped lamella of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , situated below the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} , and continuous with it behind , but separated from it in front by the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]}.
 * 1085) 	   Sentence ID: 428
 * 1086) *	  It may be described as consisting of two symmetrical bands, one for either hemisphere.
 * 1087) 	   Sentence ID: 429
 * 1088) *	  The two portions are not united to each other in front and behind, but their central parts are joined together in the middle line.
 * 1089) 	   Sentence ID: 430
 * 1090) *	  The anterior parts are called the columns of the fornix ;
 * 1091) 	   Sentence ID: 430
 * 1092) *	  the intermediate united portions, the body ; and the posterior parts , the crura.
 * 1093) 	   Sentence ID: 431
 * 1094) *	  The {body ( corpus fornicis ) of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} is triangular, narrow in front , and broad behind.
 * 1095) 	   Sentence ID: 432
 * 1096) *	  The medial part of its upper surface is connected to the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} in front and to the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} behind.
 * 1097) 	   Sentence ID: 433
 * 1098) *	  The lateral portion of this surface forms part of the floor of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}, and is covered by the ventricular {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]}.
 * 1099) 	   Sentence ID: 434
 * 1100) *	  Its lateral edge overlaps the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]}, and is continuous with the epithelial covering of this structure.
 * 1101) 	   Sentence ID: 435
 * 1102) *	  The under surface rests upon the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} ,
 * 1103) 	   Sentence ID: 435
 * 1104) *	  which separates it from the epithelial roof of that cavity, and from the medial portions of the upper surfaces of the {thalami [FMA62007:Thalamus]}.
 * 1105) 	   Sentence ID: 436
 * 1106) *	  Below, the lateral portions of the {body of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} are joined by a thin triangular lamina , named the psalterium ( lyra ).
 * 1107) 	   Sentence ID: 437
 * 1108) *	  This lamina contains some transverse fibers which connect the two {hippocampi [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} across the middle line and constitute the {hippocampal commissure [FMA61970:Commissure of fornix of forebrain]}.
 * 1109) 	   Sentence ID: 438
 * 1110) *	  Between the psalterium and the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} a horizontal cleft, the so-called ventricle of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} ( ventricle of Verga ) , is sometimes found.
 * 1111) 	   Sentence ID: 439
 * 1112) *	  The {columns ( columna fornicis ; anterior pillars ; fornicolumns ) of the fornix arch [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} downward in front of the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} and behind the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]}, and each descends through the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} in the lateral {wall of the third ventricle [FMA242776:Wall of third ventricle]} to the {base of the brain [FMA77700:Basal forebrain]} ,
 * 1113) 	   Sentence ID: 439
 * 1114) *	  where it ends in the {corpus mammillare [FMA74877:Mammillary body]}.
 * 1115) 	   Sentence ID: 440
 * 1116) *	  From the cells of the {corpus mammillare [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} the {thalamomammillary fasciculus [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} ( {bundle of Vicq d’Azyr [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} ) takes origin and is prolonged into the {anterior nucleus of the thalamus [FMA62019:Anterior nuclear group of thalamus]}.
 * 1117) 	   Sentence ID: 441
 * 1118) *	  The {column of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} and the {thalamomammillary fasciculus [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} together form a loop resembling the figure 8, but the continuity of the loop is broken in the {corpus mammillare [FMA74877:Mammillary body]}.
 * 1119) 	   Sentence ID: 442
 * 1120) *	  The {column of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} is joined by the {stria medullaris [FMA62080:Stria medullaris of thalamus]} of the {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} and by the superficial fibers of the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]}, and is said to receive also fibers from the {septum pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]}.
 * 1121) 	   Sentence ID: 443
 * 1122) *	  Zuckerkandl describes an {olfactory fasciculus [FMA61973:Diagonal band]} which becomes detached from the main portion of the {column of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]}, and passes downward in front of the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} to the {base of the brain [FMA77700:Basal forebrain]} , where it divides into two bundles , one joining the medial stria of the olfactory tract ; the other joins the {subcallosal gyrus [FMA61919:Paraterminal gyrus]} , and through it reaches the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 1123) 	   Sentence ID: 444
 * 1124) *	  The crura ( {crus fornicis [FMA61969:Posterior column of fornix of forebrain]} ; posterior pillars ) of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} are prolonged backward from the body.
 * 1125) 	   Sentence ID: 445
 * 1126) *	  They are flattened bands, and at their commencement are intimately connected with the under surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}.
 * 1127) 	   Sentence ID: 446
 * 1128) *	  Diverging from one another, each curves around the posterior end of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} , and passes downward and forward into the {inferior cornu of the lateral ventricle [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}
 * 1129) 	   Sentence ID: 446
 * 1130) *	  Here it lies along the concavity of the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]}, on the surface of which some of its fibers are spread out to form the {alveus [FMA83867:Alveus of hippocampus]} , while the remainder are continued as a narrow white band , the {fimbria hippocampi [FMA83866:Fimbria of hippocampus]} ,
 * 1131) 	   Sentence ID: 446
 * 1132) *	  which is prolonged into the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} of the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 1133) 	   Sentence ID: 447
 * 1134) *	  The inner edge of the fimbria overlaps the {fascia dentata hippocampi [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} ( {dentate gyrus [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} ) ( page 827 ), from which it is separated by the {fimbriodentate fissure [FMA83728:Fimbriodentate fissure]} ;
 * 1135) 	   Sentence ID: 447
 * 1136) *	  from its lateral margin, which is thin and ragged , the ventricular {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} is reflected over the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} as the latter projects into the chorioidal fissure.
 * 1137) 	   Sentence ID: 448
 * 1138) *	  {Interventricular Foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} ( {foramen of Monro [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} ).
 * 1139) 	   Sentence ID: 449
 * 1140) 	  - Between the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]} and the anterior ends of the {thalami [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, an oval aperture is present on either side :
 * 1141) 	   Sentence ID: 450
 * 1142) *	  this is the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]}, and through it the {lateral ventricles [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]} communicate with the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]}.
 * 1143) 	   Sentence ID: 451
 * 1144) *	  Behind the epithelial lining of the foramen the {choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles [FMA83711:Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle]} are joined across the middle line.
 * 1145) 	   Sentence ID: 452
 * 1146) *	  The {Anterior Commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} ( precommissure ) is a bundle of white fibers, connecting the two {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} across the middle line , and placed in front of the {columns of the fornix [FMA61968:Body of fornix of forebrain]}.
 * 1147) 	   Sentence ID: 453
 * 1148) *	  On sagittal section it is oval in shape, its long diameter being vertical and measuring about 5 mm.
 * 1149) 	   Sentence ID: 454
 * 1150) *	  Its fibers can be traced lateralward and backward on either side beneath the {corpus striatum [FMA77616:Corpus striatum]} into the substance of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 1151) 	   Sentence ID: 455
 * 1152) *	  It serves in this way to connect the two {temporal lobes [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}, but it also contains decussating fibers from the {olfactory tracts [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]}.
 * 1153) 	   Sentence ID: 456
 * 1154) *	  The {Septum Pellucidum [FMA61842:Septum of telencephalon; FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} ( {septum lucidum [FMA61844:Septum pellucidum]} ) is a thin, vertically placed partition consisting of two laminæ , separated in the greater part of their extent by a narrow chink or interval , the {cavity of the septum pellucidum [FMA61874:Cave of septum pellucidum]}.
 * 1155) 	   Sentence ID: 457
 * 1156) *	  It is attached, above , to the under surface of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} ;
 * 1157) 	   Sentence ID: 457
 * 1158) *	  below, to the anterior part of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} behind , and the reflected portion of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} in front.
 * 1159) 	   Sentence ID: 458
 * 1160) *	  It is triangular in form, broad in front and narrow behind ;
 * 1161) 	   Sentence ID: 458
 * 1162) *	  its {inferior angle [FMA13315:Inferior angle of scapula]} corresponds with the upper part of the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]}.
 * 1163) 	   Sentence ID: 459
 * 1164) *	  The lateral surface of each {lamina is [FMA242259:Plexiform layer of cerebral cortex]} directed toward the body and anterior cornu of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}, and is covered by the {ependyma [FMA242791:Ependyma of neuraxis]} of that cavity.
 * 1165) 	   Sentence ID: 460
 * 1166) *	  The {cavity of the septum pellucidum [FMA61874:Cave of septum pellucidum]} ( {cavum septi pellucidi [FMA61874:Cave of septum pellucidum]} ; pseudocele ; {fifth ventricle [FMA61874:Cave of septum pellucidum]} ) is generally regarded as part of the {longitudinal cerebral fissure [FMA83727:Longitudinal fissure]} ,
 * 1167) 	   Sentence ID: 460
 * 1168) *	  which has become shut off by the union of the hemispheres in the formation of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} above and the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} below.
 * 1169) 	   Sentence ID: 461
 * 1170) *	  Each half of the septum therefore forms part of the medial wall of the hemisphere, and consists of a medial layer of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} , derived from that of the cortex , and a lateral layer of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} continuous with that of the {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]}.
 * 1171) 	   Sentence ID: 462
 * 1172) *	  This cavity is not developed from the cavity of the cerebral vesicles, and never communicates with the {ventricles of the brain [FMA78447:Region of ventricular system of brain]}.
 * 1173) 	   Sentence ID: 463
 * 1174) *	  The {Choroid Plexus of the Lateral Ventricle [FMA83711:Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle]} ( plexus chorioideus {ventriculus lateralis [FMA74520:Frontal horn of lateral ventricle; FMA83700:Occipital horn of lateral ventricle; FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle; FMA83703:Body of lateral ventricle]} ; paraplexus ) is a highly vascular, fringe-like process of {pia mater [FMA9590:Pia mater]} ,
 * 1175) 	   Sentence ID: 463
 * 1176) *	  which projects into the {ventricular cavity [FMA13238:Cavity of ventricle]}.
 * 1177) 	   Sentence ID: 464
 * 1178) *	  The plexus, however , is everywhere covered by a layer of {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} continuous with the epithelial lining of the ventricle.
 * 1179) 	   Sentence ID: 465
 * 1180) *	  It extends from the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]}, where it is joined with the plexus of the opposite ventricle , to the end of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1181) 	   Sentence ID: 466
 * 1182) *	  The part in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of {pia mater [FMA9590:Pia mater]}, named the {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} , and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]}.
 * 1183) 	   Sentence ID: 467
 * 1184) *	  It lies upon the upper surface of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, from which the {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} is reflected over the plexus on to the edge of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]}
 * 1185) 	   Sentence ID: 467
 * 1186) *	  The portion in relation to the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} lies in the concavity of the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} and overlaps the {fimbria hippocampi [FMA83866:Fimbria of hippocampus]} :
 * 1187) 	   Sentence ID: 468
 * 1188) *	  from the lateral edge of the fimbria the {epithelium [FMA9639:Portion of epithelium]} is reflected over the plexus on to the roof of the cornu
 * 1189) 	   Sentence ID: 468
 * 1190) *	  It consists of minute and highly vascular villous processes, each with an afferent and an efferent vessel.
 * 1191) 	   Sentence ID: 469
 * 1192) *	  The {arteries [FMA63812:Set of arteries]} of the plexus are : ( a ) the anterior choroidal, a branch of the internal carotid , which enters the plexus at the end of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} ; and ( b ) the posterior choroidal , one or two small branches of the posterior cerebral , which pass forward under the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]}.
 * 1193) 	   Sentence ID: 471
 * 1194) *	  The {veins [FMA63814:Set of veins]} of the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} unite to form a tortuous {vein [FMA50723:Vein]}, which courses from behind forward to the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} and there joins with the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]} to form the corresponding {internal cerebral vein [FMA51003:Internal cerebral vein]}.
 * 1195) 	   Sentence ID: 472
 * 1196) *	  When the {choroid plexus [FMA61934:Choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere]} is pulled away, the continuity between its epithelial covering and the epithelial lining of the ventricle is severed , and a cleft-like space is produced.
 * 1197) 	   Sentence ID: 473
 * 1198) *	  This is named the {choroidal fissure [FMA74512:Choroidal fissure]} ;
 * 1199) 	   Sentence ID: 473
 * 1200) *	  like the plexus, it extends from the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} to the end of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1201) 	   Sentence ID: 474
 * 1202) *	  The upper part of the fissure, i.e. , the part nearest the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} is situated between the lateral edge of the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} and the upper surface of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ;
 * 1203) 	   Sentence ID: 474
 * 1204) *	  farther {back [FMA24205:Surface of back]} at the beginning of the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} it is between the commencement of the {fimbria hippocampi [FMA83866:Fimbria of hippocampus]} and the posterior end of the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ,
 * 1205) 	   Sentence ID: 474
 * 1206) *	  while in the {inferior cornu [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]} it lies between the fimbria in the floor and the {stria terminalis [FMA61974:Stria terminalis]} in the roof of the cornu.
 * 1207) 	   Sentence ID: 475
 * 1208) *	  The {tela chorioidea of the third ventricle [FMA78463:Tela choroidea of third ventricle]} ( {tela chorioidea [FMA242849:Tela choroidea]} {ventriculi tertii [FMA78454:Third ventricle]} ; {velum interpositum [FMA78464:Velum interpositum]} ) is a double fold of {pia mater [FMA9590:Pia mater]}, triangular in shape ,
 * 1209) 	   Sentence ID: 475
 * 1210) *	  which lies beneath the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]}.
 * 1211) 	   Sentence ID: 476
 * 1212) *	  The lateral portions of its lower surface rest upon the {thalami [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ,
 * 1213) 	   Sentence ID: 476
 * 1214) *	  while its medial portion is in contact with the epithelial roof of the {third ventricle [FMA78454:Third ventricle]}.
 * 1215) 	   Sentence ID: 477
 * 1216) *	  Its apex is situated at the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} ;
 * 1217) 	   Sentence ID: 477
 * 1218) *	  its base corresponds with the {splenium of the corpus callosum [FMA61948:Splenium of corpus callosum]}, and occupies the interval between that structure above and the {corpora quadrigemina [FMA242157:Set of colliculi]} and {pineal body [FMA62033:Pineal body]} below.
 * 1219) 	   Sentence ID: 478
 * 1220) *	  This interval, together with the lower portions of the {choroidal fissures [FMA74512:Choroidal fissure]} , is sometimes spoken of as the transverse fissure of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]}.
 * 1221) 	   Sentence ID: 479
 * 1222) *	  At its base the two layers of the velum separate from each other, and are continuous with the {pia mater [FMA9590:Pia mater]} investing the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} in this region.
 * 1223) 	   Sentence ID: 480
 * 1224) *	  Its lateral margins are modified to form the highly vascular {choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles [FMA83711:Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1225) 	   Sentence ID: 481
 * 1226) *	  It is supplied by the anterior and {posterior choroidal arteries [FMA50657:Posterior choroidal artery]} already described ,
 * 1227) 	   Sentence ID: 481
 * 1228) *	  The {veins [FMA63814:Set of veins]} of the {tela chorioidea [FMA242849:Tela choroidea]} are named the {internal cerebral veins [FMA70876:Set of internal cerebral veins]} ( venæ Galeni ) ;
 * 1229) 	   Sentence ID: 481
 * 1230) *	  they are two in number, and run backward between its layers , each being formed at the {interventricular foramen [FMA75351:Interventricular foramen]} by the union of the {terminal vein [FMA50997:Superior thalamostriate vein]} with the choroidal {vein [FMA50723:Vein]}.
 * 1231) 	   Sentence ID: 482
 * 1232) *	  The {internal cerebral veins [FMA70876:Set of internal cerebral veins]} unite posteriorly in a single {trunk [FMA7181:Trunk]}, the {great cerebral vein [FMA50993:Great cerebral vein]} ( {vena magna Galeni [FMA50993:Great cerebral vein]} ) ,
 * 1233) 	   Sentence ID: 482
 * 1234) *	  which passes backward beneath the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} and ends in the {straight sinus [FMA50769:Straight sinus]}.
 * 1235) 	   Sentence ID: 483
 * 1236) *	  Structure of the {Cerebral Hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]}.
 * 1237) 	   Sentence ID: 484
 * 1238) *	  - The {cerebral hemispheres [FMA61817:Cerebral hemisphere]} are composed of gray and {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} :
 * 1239) 	   Sentence ID: 485
 * 1240) *	  the former covers their surface, and is termed the cortex ;
 * 1241) 	   Sentence ID: 485
 * 1242) *	  the latter occupies the interior of the hemispheres.
 * 1243) 	   Sentence ID: 486
 * 1244) *	  The {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} consists of {medullated fibers [FMA5915:Myelinated nerve fiber]}, varying in size , and arranged in bundles separated by {neuroglia [FMA54541:Set of neuroglial cells]}.
 * 1245) 	   Sentence ID: 487
 * 1246) *	  They may be divided, according to their course and connections , into three distinct systems.
 * 1247) 	   Sentence ID: 488
 * 1248) *	  ( 1 ) Projection fibers connect the hemisphere with the lower parts of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} and with the {medulla spinalis [FMA7647:Spinal cord]}.
 * 1249) 	   Sentence ID: 489
 * 1250) *	  ( 2 ) Transverse or commissural fibers unite the two hemispheres.
 * 1251) 	   Sentence ID: 490
 * 1252) *	  ( 3 ) Association fibers connect different structures in the same hemisphere ;
 * 1253) 	   Sentence ID: 490
 * 1254) *	  these are, in many instances , collateral branches of the projection fibers , but others are the {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of independent cells.
 * 1255) 	   Sentence ID: 491
 * 1256) *	  1.
 * 1257) 	   Sentence ID: 492
 * 1258) *	  The projection fibers consist of efferent and {afferent fibers [FMA76570:Set of afferent nerve fibers]} uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} and with the {medulla spinalis [FMA7647:Spinal cord]}.
 * 1259) 	   Sentence ID: 493
 * 1260) *	  The principal efferent strands are : ( 1 ) the {motor tract [FMA72634:Pyramidal tract]}, occupying the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} and anterior two-thirds of {the occipital part of the internal capsule [FMA61954:Posterior limb of internal capsule]} , and consisting of ( a ) the {geniculate fibers [FMA61953:Genu of internal capsule]} , which decussate and end in the motor nuclei of the {cranial nerves [FMA63820:Set of cranial nerves]} of the opposite side ; and ( b ) {the cerebrospinal fibers [FMA265580:Corticospinal tract]} , which are prolonged through the {pyramid of the medulla oblongata [FMA75254:Pyramid of medulla]} into the {medulla spinalis [FMA7647:Spinal cord]} :
 * 1261) 	   Sentence ID: 495
 * 1262) *	  ( 2 ) the {corticopontine fibers [FMA75190:Set of corticopontine fibers]}, ending in the {nuclei pontis [FMA72512:Pontine nuclear group]}.
 * 1263) 	   Sentence ID: 496
 * 1264) *	  The chief {afferent fibers [FMA76570:Set of afferent nerve fibers]} are : ( 1 ) those of the {lemniscus [FMA83676:Lemniscus of neuraxis]} which are not interrupted in the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ; ( 2 ) those of the {superior cerebellar peduncle [FMA72495:Superior cerebellar peduncle]} which are not interrupted in the {red nucleus [FMA62407:Red nucleus]} and {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ; ( 3 ) numerous fibers arising within the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]}, and passing through its stalks to the different parts of the cortex ( page 810 ) ; ( 4 ) optic and acoustic fibers , the former passing to the occipital , the latter to the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 1265) 	   Sentence ID: 498
 * 1266) *	  2.
 * 1267) 	   Sentence ID: 499
 * 1268) *	  The transverse or commissural fibers connect the two hemispheres.
 * 1269) 	   Sentence ID: 500
 * 1270) *	  They include : ( a ) the transverse fibers of the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}, ( b ) the {anterior commissure [FMA61961:Anterior commissure]} , ( c ) the {posterior commissure [FMA62072:Posterior commissure]} , and ( d ) the lyra or {hippocampal commissure [FMA61970:Commissure of fornix of forebrain]} ;
 * 1271) 	    Sentence ID: 501
 * 1272) *	  they have already been described.
 * 1273) 	   Sentence ID: 502
 * 1274) *	  3.
 * 1275) 	   Sentence ID: 503
 * 1276) *	  The association fibers unite different parts of the same hemisphere, and are of two kinds :
 * 1277) 	   Sentence ID: 504
 * 1278) *	  ( 1 ) those connecting adjacent gyri, short association fibers ; ( 2 ) those passing between more distant parts , long association fibers.
 * 1279) 	   Sentence ID: 505
 * 1280) *	  The short association fibers lie immediately beneath the {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the cortex of the hemispheres, and connect together adjacent gyri.
 * 1281) 	   Sentence ID: 506
 * 1282) *	  The long association fibers include the following : ( a ) the {uncinate fasciculus [FMA77636:Uncinate fasciculus]} ; ( b ) the {cingulum [FMA56731:Cingulum of tooth]} ; ( c ) the {superior longitudinal fasciculus [FMA77631:Superior longitudinal fasciculus]} ; ( d ) the {inferior longitudinal fasciculus [FMA77632:Inferior longitudinal fasciculus]} ; ( e ) the perpendicular fasciculus ; ( f ) the {occipitofrontal fasciculus [FMA77633:Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus; FMA77634:Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus]} ; and ( g ) the {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]}.
 * 1283) 	   Sentence ID: 508
 * 1284) *	  ( a ) The {uncinate fasciculus [FMA77636:Uncinate fasciculus]} passes across the bottom of the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]}, and unites the gyri of the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} with the anterior end of the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 1285) 	   Sentence ID: 509
 * 1286) *	  ( b ) The {cingulum [FMA56731:Cingulum of tooth]} is {a band [FMA67918:Anisotropic band]} of {white matter [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} contained within the {cingulate gyrus [FMA62434:Cingulate gyrus]}.
 * 1287) 	   Sentence ID: 510
 * 1288) *	  Beginning in front at the {anterior perforated substance [FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}, it passes forward and upward parallel with the rostrum , winds around the {genu [FMA24974:Knee]} , runs backward above the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]} , turns around the {splenium [FMA7196:Spleen]} , and ends in the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 1289) 	   Sentence ID: 511
 * 1290) *	  ( c ) The {superior longitudinal fasciculus [FMA77631:Superior longitudinal fasciculus]} passes backward from the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]} above the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} and {insula [FMA67329:Insula]} ;
 * 1291) 	   Sentence ID: 511
 * 1292) *	  some of its fibers end in the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}, and others curve downward and forward into the {temporal lobe [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]}.
 * 1293) 	   Sentence ID: 512
 * 1294) *	  ( d ) The {inferior longitudinal fasciculus [FMA77632:Inferior longitudinal fasciculus]} connects the temporal and {occipital lobes [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}, running along the lateral walls of the inferior and {posterior cornua [FMA83700:Occipital horn of lateral ventricle]} of the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1295) 	   Sentence ID: 513
 * 1296) *	  ( e ) The perpendicular fasciculus runs vertically through the front part of the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}, and connects the {inferior parietal lobule [FMA61897:Supramarginal gyrus; FMA77536:Inferior parietal lobule]} with the {fusiform gyrus [FMA61908:Fusiform gyrus]}.
 * 1297) 	   Sentence ID: 514
 * 1298) *	  ( f ) The {occipitofrontal fasciculus [FMA77633:Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus; FMA77634:Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus]} passes backward from the {frontal lobe [FMA61824:Frontal lobe]}, along the lateral border of the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} , and on the mesial aspect of the {corona radiata [FMA18661:Corona radiata]} ;
 * 1299) 	   Sentence ID: 514
 * 1300) *	  its fibers radiate in a fan-like manner and pass into the occipital and {temporal lobes [FMA61825:Temporal lobe]} lateral to the posterior and {inferior cornua [FMA83701:Temporal horn of lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1301) 	   Sentence ID: 515
 * 1302) *	  Déjerine regards the fibers of the {tapetum [FMA77208:Tapetum]} as being derived from this fasciculus, and not from the {corpus callosum [FMA61946:Genu of corpus callosum; FMA61947:Body of corpus callosum; FMA86464:Corpus callosum]}.
 * 1303) 	   Sentence ID: 516
 * 1304) *	  ( g ) The {fornix [FMA61965:Fornix of forebrain]} connects the {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]} with the {corpus mammillare [FMA74877:Mammillary body]} and, by means of the {thalamomammillary fasciculus [FMA83849:Mammillothalamic tract]} , with the {thalamus [FMA62007:Thalamus]} ( see page 839 ).
 * 1305) 	   Sentence ID: 517
 * 1306) *	  Through the fibers of the {hippocampal commissure [FMA61970:Commissure of fornix of forebrain]} it probably also unites the opposite {hippocampal gyri [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 1307) 	   Sentence ID: 518
 * 1308) *	  The {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} of the hemisphere is divided into : ( 1 ) that of the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}, and ( 2 ) that of the {caudate nucleus [FMA61833:Caudate nucleus]} , the {lentiform nucleus [FMA77615:Lentiform nucleus]} , the {claustrum [FMA67440:Claustrum]} , and the {nucleus amygdalæ [FMA61841:Amygdala]}.
 * 1309) 	   Sentence ID: 520
 * 1310) *	  Structure of the {Cerebral Cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]} -
 * 1311) 	   Sentence ID: 520
 * 1312) *	  The {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]} differs in thickness and structure in different parts of the hemisphere.
 * 1313) 	   Sentence ID: 521
 * 1314) *	  It is thinner in the {occipital region [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]} than in the anterior and {posterior central gyri [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]}, and it is also much thinner at the bottom of the sulci than on the top of the gyri.
 * 1315) 	   Sentence ID: 522
 * 1316) *	  Again, the minute structure of the anterior central differs from that of the {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]} , and areas possessing a specialized type of cortex can be mapped out in the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}.
 * 1317) 	   Sentence ID: 523
 * 1318) *	  On examining a section of the cortex with a {lens [FMA58241:Lens]}, it is seen to consist of alternating white and gray layers thus disposed from the surface inward :
 * 1319) 	   Sentence ID: 524
 * 1320) *	  ( 1 ) a thin layer of {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} ; ( 2 ) a layer of {gray substance [FMA67242:Gray matter of neuraxis]} ; ( 3 ) a second white layer ( outer {band of Baillarger [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]} or {band of Gennari [FMA75667:Occipital stripe of internal granular layer of neocortex]} ) ; ( 4 ) a second gray layer ; ( 5 ) a third white layer ( inner {band of Baillarger [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]} ) ; ( 6 ) a third gray layer, which rests on the medullary substance of the gyrus.
 * 1321) 	   Sentence ID: 525
 * 1322) *	  The cortex is made up of {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} of varying size and shape, and of {nerve fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]} which are either medullated or naked {axis-cylinders [FMA67308:Axon]} , imbedded in a matrix of {neuroglia [FMA54541:Set of neuroglial cells]}.
 * 1323) 	   Sentence ID: 526
 * 1324) *	  {Nerve Cells [FMA54527:Neuron]}.
 * 1325) 	   Sentence ID: 527
 * 1326) 	  - According to Cajal, the {nerve cells [FMA54527:Neuron]} are arranged in four layers , named from the surface inward as follows : ( 1 ) the molecular layer , ( 2 ) the layer of small {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} , ( 3 ) the layer of large {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} , ( 4 ) the layer of polymorphous cells.
 * 1327) 	   Sentence ID: 529
 * 1328) *	  The Molecular Layer.
 * 1329) 	   Sentence ID: 530
 * 1330) 	  - In this layer the cells are polygonal, triangular , or fusiform in shape.
 * 1331) 	   Sentence ID: 531
 * 1332) *	  Each polygonal cell gives off some four or five {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]}, while its {axon [FMA67308:Axon]} may arise directly from the cell or from one of its {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]}.
 * 1333) 	   Sentence ID: 532
 * 1334) *	  Each triangular cell gives off two or three {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]}, from one of which the {axon [FMA67308:Axon]} arises.
 * 1335) 	   Sentence ID: 533
 * 1336) *	  The fusiform cells are placed with their long axes parallel to the surface and are mostly bipolar, each pole being prolonged into a {dendrite [FMA67314:Dendrite]} , which runs horizontally for some distance and furnishes ascending branches.
 * 1337) 	   Sentence ID: 534
 * 1338) *	  Their {axons [FMA67308:Axon]}, two or three in number , arise from the {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} , and , like them , take a horizontal course , giving off numerous ascending collaterals.
 * 1339) 	   Sentence ID: 535
 * 1340) *	  The distribution of the {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} and {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} of all three {sets of cells [FMA71954:Set of cells]} is limited to the molecular layer.
 * 1341) 	   Sentence ID: 536
 * 1342) *	  The Layer of Small and the Layer of Large {Pyramidal Cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]}.
 * 1343) 	   Sentence ID: 537
 * 1344) *	  - The cells in these two layers may be studied together, since , with the exception of the difference in size and the more superficial position of the smaller cells , they resemble each other.
 * 1345) 	   Sentence ID: 538
 * 1346) *	  The average length of the small cells is from 10 to 15μ ;
 * 1347) 	   Sentence ID: 538
 * 1348) *	  that of the large cells from 20 to 30μ.
 * 1349) 	   Sentence ID: 539
 * 1350) *	  The body of each cell is {pyramidal [FMA15568:Pyramidalis]} in shape, its base being directed to the deeper parts and its apex toward the surface.
 * 1351) 	   Sentence ID: 540
 * 1352) *	  It contains granular pigment, and stains deeply with ordinary reagents.
 * 1353) 	   Sentence ID: 541
 * 1354) *	  The nucleus is of large size, and round or oval in shape.
 * 1355) 	   Sentence ID: 542
 * 1356) *	  The base of the cell gives off the {axis cylinder [FMA67308:Axon]}, and this runs into the central {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , giving off collaterals in its course , and is distributed as a projection , commissural , or association fiber.
 * 1357) 	   Sentence ID: 543
 * 1358) *	  The apical and {basal parts of the cell [FMA72558:Basal part of cell]} give off {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} ;
 * 1359) 	   Sentence ID: 543
 * 1360) *	  the apical {dendrite [FMA67314:Dendrite]} is directed toward the surface, and ends in the molecular layer by dividing into numerous branches , all of which may be seen , when prepared by the silver or methylene-blue method , to be studded with projecting bristle-like processes.
 * 1361) 	   Sentence ID: 544
 * 1362) *	  The largest {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} are found in the upper part of the anterior central gyrus and in the {paracentral lobule [FMA77534:Paracentral lobule]} ;
 * 1363) 	   Sentence ID: 544
 * 1364) *	  they are often arranged in groups or nests of from three to five, and are named the giant cells of Betz.
 * 1365) 	   Sentence ID: 545
 * 1366) *	  In the former situation they may exceed 50μ in length and 40μ in breadth ,
 * 1367) 	   Sentence ID: 545
 * 1368) *	  while in the {paracentral lobule [FMA77534:Paracentral lobule]} they may attain a length of 65μ.
 * 1369) 	   Sentence ID: 546
 * 1370) *	  Layer of Polymorphous Cells.
 * 1371) 	   Sentence ID: 547
 * 1372) *	  - The cells in this layer, as their name implies , are very irregular in contour ;
 * 1373) 	   Sentence ID: 547
 * 1374) *	  they may be fusiform, oval , triangular , or star-shaped.
 * 1375) 	   Sentence ID: 548
 * 1376) *	  Their {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} are directed outward, but do not reach so far as the molecular layer ;
 * 1377) 	   Sentence ID: 548
 * 1378) *	  their {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} pass into the subjacent {white matter [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]}.
 * 1379) 	   Sentence ID: 549
 * 1380) *	  There are two other kinds of cells in the {cerebral cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}.
 * 1381) 	   Sentence ID: 550
 * 1382) *	  They are : ( a ) the cells of Golgi ,
 * 1383) 	   Sentence ID: 551
 * 1384) *	  the {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of which divide immediately after their origins into a large number of branches, which are directed toward the surface of the cortex ;
 * 1385) 	   Sentence ID: 551
 * 1386) *	  ( b ) the cells of Martinotti ,
 * 1387) 	   Sentence ID: 551
 * 1388) *	  which are chiefly found in the polymorphous layer ;
 * 1389) 	   Sentence ID: 551
 * 1390) *	  their {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} are short, and may have an ascending or descending course , while their {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} pass out into the molecular layer and form an extensive horizontal arborization.
 * 1391) 	   Sentence ID: 552
 * 1392) *	  {Nerve Fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]}.
 * 1393) 	   Sentence ID: 553
 * 1394) *	  - These fill up a large part of the intervals between the cells, and may be medullated or non-medullated - the latter comprising the {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of the smallest {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} and the cells of Golgi.
 * 1395) 	   Sentence ID: 554
 * 1396) *	  In their direction the fibers may be either tangential or radial.
 * 1397) 	   Sentence ID: 555
 * 1398) *	  The tangential fibers run parallel to the surface of the hemisphere, intersecting the radial fibers at a right angle.
 * 1399) 	   Sentence ID: 556
 * 1400) *	  They constitute several strata, of which the following are the more important :
 * 1401) 	   Sentence ID: 557
 * 1402) *	  ( 1 ) a stratum of white fibers covering the superficial aspect of the molecular layer ( plexus of Exner ) ;
 * 1403) 	   Sentence ID: 557
 * 1404) *	  ( 2 ) the band of Bechterew, in the outer part of the layer of small {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} ;
 * 1405) 	   Sentence ID: 557
 * 1406) *	  ( 3 ) the {band of Gennari [FMA75667:Occipital stripe of internal granular layer of neocortex]} or external {band of Baillarger [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]}, running through the layer of large {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} ;
 * 1407) 	   Sentence ID: 557
 * 1408) *	  ( 4 ) the internal {band of Baillarger [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]}, between the layer of large {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} and the polymorphous layer ;
 * 1409) 	   Sentence ID: 557
 * 1410) *	  ( 5 ) the deep tangential fibers, in the lower part of the polymorphous layer.
 * 1411) 	   Sentence ID: 558
 * 1412) *	  The tangential fibers consist of ( a ) the collaterals of the {pyramidal [FMA15568:Pyramidalis]} and polymorphous cells and of the cells of Martinotti ; ( b ) the branching {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of Golgi’s cells ; ( c ) the collaterals and terminal arborizations of the projection, commissural , or association fibers.
 * 1413) 	   Sentence ID: 559
 * 1414) *	  The radial fibers.
 * 1415) 	   Sentence ID: 560
 * 1416) *	  - Some of these, viz. , the {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of the {pyramidal [FMA15568:Pyramidalis]} and polymorphous cells , descend into the central {white matter [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} , while others , the terminations of the projection , commissural , or association fibers , ascend to end in the cortex.
 * 1417) 	   Sentence ID: 561
 * 1418) *	  The {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of the cells of Martinotti are also ascending fibers.
 * 1419) 	   Sentence ID: 562
 * 1420) *	  Special Types of {Cerebral Cortex [FMA61830:Cerebral cortex]}.
 * 1421) 	   Sentence ID: 563
 * 1422) 	  - It has been already pointed out that the minute structure of the cortex differs in different regions of the hemisphere ; and A . W . Campbell has endeavored to prove, as the result of an exhaustive examination of a series of human and anthropoid {brains [FMA50801:Brain]} , `` that there exists a direct correlation between physiological function and histological structure.
 * 1423) 	   Sentence ID: 566
 * 1424) *	  The principal regions where the `` typical  structure is departed from will now be referred to.
 * 1425) 	   Sentence ID: 567
 * 1426) *	  1.
 * 1427) 	   Sentence ID: 568
 * 1428) *	  In the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} and the gyri bounding it, the internal {band of Baillarger [FMA61960:Extreme capsule]} is absent , while the {band of Gennari [FMA75667:Occipital stripe of internal granular layer of neocortex]} is of considerable thickness , and forms a characteristic feature of this region of the cortex.
 * 1429) 	   Sentence ID: 569
 * 1430) *	  If a section be examined microscopically, an additional layer of cells is seen to be interpolated between the molecular layer and the layer of small {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]}.
 * 1431) 	   Sentence ID: 570
 * 1432) *	  This extra layer consists of two or three strata of fusiform cells, the long axes of which are at right angles to the surface ;
 * 1433) 	   Sentence ID: 570
 * 1434) *	  each cell gives off two {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]}, external and internal , from the latter of which the {axon [FMA67308:Axon]} arises and passes into the white central substance.
 * 1435) 	   Sentence ID: 571
 * 1436) *	  In the layer of small {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]}, fusiform cells , identical with the above , are seen , as well as ovoid or star-like cells with ascending {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} ( cells of Martinotti ).
 * 1437) 	   Sentence ID: 572
 * 1438) *	  This is the visual area of the cortex, and it has been shown by J . S . Bolton that in old-standing cases of optic atrophy the thickness of Gennari’s band is reduced by nearly 50 per cent.
 * 1439) 	   Sentence ID: 575
 * 1440) *	  A . W . Campbell says :
 * 1441) 	   Sentence ID: 578
 * 1442) *	  `` Histologically, two distinct types of cortex can be made out in the {occipital lobe [FMA67325:Occipital lobe]}.
 * 1443) 	   Sentence ID: 579
 * 1444) *	  The first of these coats the walls and bounding convolutions of the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]}, and is distinguished by the well-known {line of Gennari [FMA75667:Occipital stripe of internal granular layer of neocortex]} or Vicq d’Azyr ;
 * 1445) 	   Sentence ID: 579
 * 1446) *	  the second area forms an investing zone a centimetre or more broad around the first, and is characterized by a remarkable wealth of fibers , as well as by curious pyriform cells of large size richly stocked with chromophilic elements - cells which seem to have escaped the observation of Ramón y Cajal , Bolton , and others who have worked at this region.
 * 1447) 	   Sentence ID: 580
 * 1448) *	  As to the functions of these two regions there is abundant evidence, anatomical , embryological , and pathological , to show that the first or calcarine area is that to which visual sensations primarily pass , and we are gradually obtaining proof to the effect that the second investing area is constituted for the interpretation and further elaboration of these sensations.
 * 1449) 	   Sentence ID: 581
 * 1450) *	  These areas therefore deserve the names visuo-sensory and visuo-psychic.
 * 1451) 	   Sentence ID: 582
 * 1452) 	   Sentence ID: 583
 * 1453) *	  2.
 * 1454) 	   Sentence ID: 584
 * 1455) *	  The anterior central gyrus is characterized by the presence of the giant cells of Betz and by `` a wealth of {nerve fibers [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]} immeasurably superior to that of any other part  ( Campbell ), and in these respects differs from the {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]}.
 * 1456) 	   Sentence ID: 585
 * 1457) *	  These two gyri, together with the {paracentral lobule [FMA77534:Paracentral lobule]} , were long regarded as constituting the `` motor areas  of the hemisphere ;
 * 1458) 	   Sentence ID: 585
 * 1459) *	  but Sherrington and Grunbaum have shown that in the chimpanzee the motor area never extends on to the free {face [FMA24728:Face]} of the {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]}, but occupies the entire length of the anterior central gyrus , and in most cases the greater part or the whole of its width.
 * 1460) 	   Sentence ID: 586
 * 1461) *	  It extends into the depth of the {central sulcus [FMA83752:Central sulcus]}, occupying the anterior wall , and in some places the floor , and in some extending even into the deeper part of the posterior wall of the {sulcus [:]}.
 * 1462) 	   Sentence ID: 587
 * 1463) *	  3.
 * 1464) 	   Sentence ID: 588
 * 1465) *	  In the {hippocampus [FMA62493:Hippocampus; FMA74038:Hippocampal formation]} the molecular layer is very thick and contains a large number of Golgi cells.
 * 1466) 	   Sentence ID: 589
 * 1467) *	  It has been divided into three strata : ( a ) s . convolutum or s . granulosum, containing many tangential fibers ; ( b ) s . lacunosum , presenting numerous vascular spaces ; ( c ) s . radiatum , exhibiting a rich plexus of fibrils.
 * 1468) 	   Sentence ID: 595
 * 1469) *	  The two layers of {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} are condensed into one, and the cells are mostly of large size.
 * 1470) 	   Sentence ID: 596
 * 1471) *	  The {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} of the cells in the polymorphous layer may run in an ascending, a descending , or a horizontal direction.
 * 1472) 	   Sentence ID: 597
 * 1473) *	  Between the polymorphous layer and the ventricular {ependyma [FMA242791:Ependyma of neuraxis]} is the {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} of the {alveus [FMA83867:Alveus of hippocampus]}.
 * 1474) 	   Sentence ID: 598
 * 1475) *	  4.
 * 1476) 	   Sentence ID: 599
 * 1477) *	  In the {fascia dentata hippocampi [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} or {dentate gyrus [FMA61922:Dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation]} the molecular layer contains some {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]}, while the layer of {pyramidal cells [FMA84105:Pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex]} is almost entirely represented by small ovoid cells.
 * 1478) 	   Sentence ID: 600
 * 1479) *	  5.
 * 1480) 	   Sentence ID: 601
 * 1481) *	  The {Olfactory Bulb [FMA77624:Olfactory bulb]}.
 * 1482) 	   Sentence ID: 602
 * 1483) 	  - In many of the lower animals this contains a cavity which communicates through the {olfactory tract [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]} with the {lateral ventricle [FMA78448:Lateral ventricle]}.
 * 1484) 	   Sentence ID: 603
 * 1485) *	  In man the original cavity is filled up by {neuroglia [FMA54541:Set of neuroglial cells]} and its wall becomes thickened, but much more so on its ventral than on its dorsal aspect.
 * 1486) 	   Sentence ID: 604
 * 1487) *	  Its dorsal part contains a small amount of gray and {white substance [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]}, but it is scanty and ill-defined.
 * 1488) 	   Sentence ID: 605
 * 1489) *	  A section through the ventral part shows it to consist of the following layers from without inward :
 * 1490) 	   Sentence ID: 606
 * 1491) *	  1.
 * 1492) 	   Sentence ID: 607
 * 1493) *	  A layer of {olfactory nerve [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]} fibers, which are the non-medullated {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} prolonged from the olfactory cells of the {nasal cavity [FMA54378:Nasal cavity]} , and reach the {bulb [FMA62004:Medulla oblongata]} by passing through the {cribriform plate [FMA52890:Cribriform plate]} of the {ethmoid [FMA52740:Ethmoid]} {bone [FMA71324:Set of bones]}.
 * 1494) 	   Sentence ID: 608
 * 1495) *	  At first they cover the {bulb [FMA62004:Medulla oblongata]}, and then penetrate it to end by forming {synapses [FMA67408:Synapse]} with the {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} of the mitral cells , presently to be described.
 * 1496) 	   Sentence ID: 609
 * 1497) *	  2.
 * 1498) 	   Sentence ID: 610
 * 1499) *	  Glomerular Layer.
 * 1500) 	   Sentence ID: 611
 * 1501) *	  - This contains numerous spheroidal reticulated enlargements, termed {glomeruli [FMA15624:Glomerulus]} , produced by the branching and arborization of the processes of the {olfactory nerve [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]} fibres with the descending {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} of the mitral cells.
 * 1502) 	   Sentence ID: 612
 * 1503) *	  3 . Molecular Layer.
 * 1504) 	   Sentence ID: 614
 * 1505) *	  - This is formed of a matrix of {neuroglia [FMA54541:Set of neuroglial cells]}, imbedded in which are the mitral cells.
 * 1506) 	   Sentence ID: 615
 * 1507) *	  These cells are {pyramidal [FMA15568:Pyramidalis]} in shape, and the basal part of each gives off a thick {dendrite [FMA67314:Dendrite]} which descends into the glomerular layer , where it arborizes as indicated above , and others which interlace with similar {dendrites [FMA67314:Dendrite]} of neighboring mitral cells.
 * 1508) 	   Sentence ID: 616
 * 1509) *	  The {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} pass through the next layer into the {white matter [FMA83929:White matter of neuraxis]} of the {bulb [FMA62004:Medulla oblongata]}, and after becoming bent on themselves at a right angle , are continued into the {olfactory tract [FMA46787:Olfactory nerve]}.
 * 1510) 	   Sentence ID: 617
 * 1511) *	  4 . {Nerve Fiber [FMA5914:Nerve fiber]} Layer.
 * 1512) 	   Sentence ID: 619
 * 1513) *	  - This lies next the central {core [FMA7088:Heart]} of {neuroglia [FMA54541:Set of neuroglial cells]}, and its fibers consist of the {axons [FMA67308:Axon]} or afferent processes of the mitral cells passing to the brain ;
 * 1514) 	   Sentence ID: 619
 * 1515) *	  some efferent fibers are, however , also present , and end in the molecular layer , but nothing is known as to their exact origin.
 * 1516) 	   Sentence ID: 620
 * 1517) *	  Weight of the {Encephalon [FMA50801:Brain]}.
 * 1518) 	   Sentence ID: 621
 * 1519) *	  - The average weight of the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]}, in the adult male , is about 1380 gms. ;
 * 1520) 	   Sentence ID: 621
 * 1521) *	  that of the female, about 1250 gms.
 * 1522) 	   Sentence ID: 622
 * 1523) *	  In the male, the maximum weight out of 278 cases was 1840 gms.
 * 1524) 	   Sentence ID: 623
 * 1525) *	  and the minimum weight 964 gms.
 * 1526) 	   Sentence ID: 624
 * 1527) *	  The maximum weight of the adult female {brain [FMA50801:Brain]}, out of 191 cases , was 1585 gms.
 * 1528) 	   Sentence ID: 625
 * 1529) *	  and the minimum weight 879 gms.
 * 1530) 	   Sentence ID: 626
 * 1531) *	  The {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} increases rapidly during the first four years of life, and reaches its maximum weight by about the twentieth year.
 * 1532) 	   Sentence ID: 627
 * 1533) *	  As age advances, the {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} decreases slowly in weight ;
 * 1534) 	   Sentence ID: 627
 * 1535) *	  in old age the decrease takes place more rapidly, to the extent of about 28 gms.
 * 1536) 	   Sentence ID: 628
 * 1537) *	  The human {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} is heavier than that of any of the lower animals, except the elephant and whale.
 * 1538) 	   Sentence ID: 629
 * 1539) *	  The {brain [FMA50801:Brain]} of the former weighs from 3.5 to 5.4 kilogm., and that of a whale , in a specimen 19 metres long , weighed rather more than 6.7 kilogm.
 * 1540) 	   Sentence ID: 630
 * 1541) *	  Cerebral Localization.
 * 1542) 	   Sentence ID: 631
 * 1543) 	  - Physiological and pathological research have now gone far to prove that a considerable part of the {surface of the brain [FMA86594:Surface of brain]} may be mapped out into a series of more or {less [FMA63048:Circular muscle layer of abdominal part of esophagus]} definite areas, each of which is intimately connected with some well-defined function.
 * 1544) 	   Sentence ID: 632
 * 1545) *	  The chief areas are indicated in and
 * 1546) 	   Sentence ID: 633
 * 1547) *	  Motor Areas.
 * 1548) 	   Sentence ID: 634
 * 1549) *	  - The motor area occupies the anterior central and {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} gyri and the {paracentral lobule [FMA77534:Paracentral lobule]}.
 * 1550) 	   Sentence ID: 635
 * 1551) *	  The centers for the {lower limb [FMA7184:Lower limb]} are located on the uppermost part of the anterior central gyrus and its continuation on to the {paracentral lobule [FMA77534:Paracentral lobule]} ;
 * 1552) 	   Sentence ID: 635
 * 1553) *	  those for the {trunk [FMA7181:Trunk]} are on the upper portion, and those for the {upper limb [FMA7183:Upper limb]} on the middle portion of the anterior central gyrus.
 * 1554) 	   Sentence ID: 636
 * 1555) *	  The facial centers are situated on the lower part of the anterior central gyrus, those for the {tongue [FMA54640:Tongue]} , {larynx [FMA55097:Larynx]} , {muscles [:]} of mastication , and {pharynx [FMA46688:Pharynx]} on the {frontal operculum [FMA74886:Frontal operculum]} , while those for the {head [FMA7154:Head]} and {neck [FMA7155:Neck]} occupy the posterior end of the {middle frontal gyrus [FMA61859:Middle frontal gyrus]}.
 * 1556) 	   Sentence ID: 637
 * 1557) *	  Sensory Areas.
 * 1558) 	   Sentence ID: 638
 * 1559) *	  - Tactile and temperature senses are located on the {posterior central gyrus [FMA61896:Postcentral gyrus]}, while the sense of form and solidity is on the {superior parietal lobule [FMA61899:Superior parietal lobule; FMA71058:Superior parietal lobule (SPL)]} and {precuneus [FMA61900:Precuneus]}.
 * 1560) 	   Sentence ID: 639
 * 1561) *	  With regard to the special senses, the area for the sense of taste is probably related to the {uncus [FMA74884:Uncus]} and {hippocampal gyrus [FMA61918:Parahippocampal gyrus]}.
 * 1562) 	   Sentence ID: 640
 * 1563) *	  The auditory area occupies the middle third of the {superior temporal gyrus [FMA61905:Superior temporal gyrus]} and the adjacent gyri in the {lateral fissure [FMA77801:Lateral sulcus]} ;
 * 1564) 	   Sentence ID: 640
 * 1565) *	  the visual area, the {calcarine fissure [FMA83749:Calcarine sulcus]} and {cuneus [FMA61903:Cuneus]} ;
 * 1566) 	   Sentence ID: 640
 * 1567) *	  the {olfactory area [FMA61882:Nucleus of diagonal band; FMA61891:Anterior perforated substance]}, the {rhinencephalon [FMA62430:Paleocortex]}.
 * 1568) 	   Sentence ID: 641
 * 1569) *	  As special centers of much importance may be noted :
 * 1570) 	   Sentence ID: 642
 * 1571) *	  the emissive center for speech on the left inferior {frontal [FMA46757:Frontalis]} and anterior central gyri ( Broca ) ;
 * 1572) 	   Sentence ID: 642
 * 1573) *	  the auditory receptive center on the transverse and {superior temporal gyri [FMA61905:Superior temporal gyrus]}, and the visual receptive center on the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]} and {cuneus [FMA61903:Cuneus]}.
 * 1) *	  the auditory receptive center on the transverse and {superior temporal gyri [FMA61905:Superior temporal gyrus]}, and the visual receptive center on the {lingual gyrus [FMA61904:Lingual gyrus]} and {cuneus [FMA61903:Cuneus]}.