DRAFT

1) a map building kit: data for a set of anatomically segmented parts of a three dimensional (3D) digital manikin, 2) a map editor: web-application that navigates the user to configure the kit components into a custom map URL, 3) a map API: an application programming interface (API) to the image renderer-- loaded with a map building kit-- that returns the map data responding to map URL request.
 * This page describes the world's first web-based anatomical mapping service for the public; it allows users to exchange standardized anatomical addresses and customized maps, and also allows to visualize anatomical distribution data in three dimensional choropleth map.
 * The service consists of a simple request response system on the web composed with three elements:
 * By way of map API, the map URL functions as a hyperlink to the map image that users can exchange, alone or embeded, and reuse among the web communities.
 * This work is motivated by the endemic and deteriorating gap between shared information and our basis of decision in healthcare sciences and practices, and intended to enhance the comprehensibility as well as cohesiveness of information items.
 * Placing in the context of the recent reforms in the healthcare research and practice, we describe the aim, the mechanism, and the utility of our service in making sense of the shared information.

Background
The introduction should: Provide background that puts the manuscript into context and allows readers outside the field to understand the purpose and significance of the study Define the problem addressed and why it is important Include a brief review of the key literature Note any relevant controversies or disagreements in the field Conclude with a brief statement of the overall aim of the work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved

INTRODUCTION (FIXED)

 * Healthcare is everybody's concern.
 * Soon after the commodified internet and web technologies minimized the cost of global information sharing, the society obligated the healthcare sciences to ensure public access to the latest articles and reuse of the data, in the name of maximization of the productivity of and return from them (Principles 2007)(Whitfield 2011).
 * With the maturation of the same technologies, which brought forth the social media -- exchanging platforms of user-generated contents  --  the  process of healthcare research and practice is now gradually restructuring itself from the industrialized divided labors into collaborations within virtual communities of patients, healthcare providers, and researchers united by sharing information and problems, aiming for innovation of better healthcare solutions, and for promoting active decisions by patients (Health commons, Cancer commons, medicine2.0).
 * However, at present, the shared and frequently updated information relevant to a specific problem cannot fully contribute to the innovations and decisions because information is distributed over disparate items -- records, data sets, and articles from homes, clinics, and laboratories-- too many for human to comprehend and too unstructured or differently structured for computers to summarize, analyze or visualize for human comprehension and cognition.(volksonomy)(Revere et al. 2007)(Smith 2010).
 * Therefore, in order for these reforms enabled and accelerated by the new information technologies to meet their goals, we need additional technologies that makes the shared information usable for people in their own contexts; desire for such technology is sometimes metaphorically put as, "We need Google Map in healthcare".

Rationale FIXED

 * On such a background, we propose an anatomical mapping service as a new community empowerment mechanism under the following rationale:
 * Like machines of the same model, our bodies are highly homologous to each other in the spatial arrangement of body parts bearing unique molecular and cellular components and biological functions; malfunction of the homologous body parts originate from similar causes and results in similar consequences; thus, in the healthcare context, our bodies are the same.
 * Therefore, we frequently mention the name of body parts --anatomical names that amounts 7,500 in standard terminology--to address molecules, cells, lesions, symptoms, operations, specimens, drug targets, and other things, status, events and processes in all kinds of information items.
 * In the information items -- clinical records, articles, textbooks, and many web pages for experts and non-experts -- anatomical maps are often included as supporting vehicles for address transmission, expecting their ability to fill the vocabulary gaps, to clarify spatial relations and to facilitate thinking over the data (Card, Mackinlay, and Shneiderman 1999),(Hienert et al. 2011) since thousands of years ago (Calkins, Franciosi, and Kolesari 1999).
 * Although the maps are very comprehensible to human, they have two serious downside (Hienert et al. 2011) : one is the technical difficulties to create them and the other is that they make "dead ends" in information flow.  Once maps perform its original role, they cannot be searched by their contents, or compiled for summary . Moreover, practically, they connot be copied, modified, nor disseminated in the first place because they are mostly copyrighted.


 * Therefore, the maps are luxury vehicles that serve only for original authors in the original contexts; the occult loss in communication and summarization efforts caused by this down side – being dead ends – must be huge considering their production costs.
 * When we look outside the healthcare domain, however, we notice that the exactly same down sides in geographical maps was elegantly eliminated by Google maps (https://maps.google.com/) started less than a decade ago.
 * It allowed web users – both experts and non-experts — to create cohesive and reusable maps customized for their own purposes in their own contexts (Batty et al. 2010).
 * Eventually, web-based digital mapping services – a category of similar services with free map API – significantly enhanced the "visibility" of the existing information, gave birth to many open collaborative maps, and consequently made our everyday decision more active, smarter and easier than before.
 * Then, if we eliminate the downsides from anatomical maps, the similar consequence might be expected.

System design
This section should provide enough detail to allow suitably skilled investigators to fully replicate your study. Specific information and/or protocols for new methods should be included in detail. If materials, methods, and protocols are well established, authors may cite articles where those protocols are described in detail, but the submission should include sufficient information to be understood independent of these references. We encourage authors to submit detailed protocols for newer or less well-established methods as Supporting Information. These are published online only, but are linked to the article and are fully searchable. Further information about formatting Supporting Information files, can be found here. Methods sections of papers with data that should be deposited in a publicly available database should specify where the data have been deposited and provide the relevant accession numbers and version numbers, if appropriate.
 * Anatomical maps usually depict only relevant body parts in appropriate framing and angle for clarity; they often bear custom annotations on arbitrary positions on the backcloth of those parts; they are disseminated alone or inserted in text pages.
 * We figured out how to realize the mapping service with the same degree of freedom but in a constraint sufficient to avoid making "dead ends" in digital information flow on the web platform.
 * The key idea is that if we segment one three dimensional (3D) digital manikin anatomically, and determine "show" or "no_show" for each segment, one manikin can represent all possible combinations of anatomical segments; with such data at hand, any backcloth image can be generated and markers can be applied on it with three dimensional graphics software in a manner that the whole customization process can be defined by a set of parameter values.
 * To embody this idea, we made three components, similarly to geographical mapping services:
 * 1) a map building kit: a set of anatomically segmented parts of a 3D manikin,
 * 2) a map editor: a web-application that allows users to construct custom map URL containing the map configuration data as a query string directed to the address of map API.
 * 3) a map API: an application programming interface (API) on a server, loaded with manikin data and return map data to configuration input.
 * We exposed the map API to the public web so that the map data is returned to the map URL request.
 * Finally, we made all the data reusable under the Creative Commons licensing.



Manikin segments

 * The map building kit consists of a set of three dimensional polygon files made by anatomically segmenting 3D male manikin and templates for 3D pin-markers.
 * We made the manikin as realistic as possible to make each segment identifiable by wide range of people in any contexts and minimize the distortion of the model coordinates from those of real persons.
 * We used various information sources from clinical images to textbooks, copied them as modeling templates or cray modeled according to the description. The details of modeling process will be reported elsewhere.

Referencing manikin segments

 * We set the extent of manikin segmentation to the level of standard anatomical terminology of international society of anatomy (Terminologia Anatomica: TA) (Federative Committee on Anatomical terminology 1998), so that every standard gross anatomical terms may be represented and users may have the highest level of freedom in map customization.
 * As references of these segments we used concepts in the Foundation Model of Anatomy (FMA) of Washingtong University (Rosse and Jr 2003) rather than concepts denoted by TA terms from two reasons.
 * Firstly, FMA works as a thesaurus; it includes all concepts represented by TA terms with many other domain specific and finer concepts accompanied with extensive synonymous terms denoting these concepts.
 * Secondly, FMA specifies hierarchy of enlisted concepts with which computer can logically generate segments for coarse concepts from those for finer concepts.
 * For example, the segments for larger body parts (ex. tricuspid valve) or categorical concepts (ex. wall of heart) are built up by union of smaller segments (ex. anterior, posterior and medical cusps; wall of ventricle and wall of atrium).
 * Such hierarchical aggregation of segments inflated the numbers of represented concepts to almost two fold of the numbers of independent segment files by counting partial representation with some missing segments as well; with such hierarchical aggregation among references, the custom model with large numbers of segments can be configured with much fewer reference IDs.

Figure legend: Representation of coarse concepts as union of those for finer concepts in BodyParts3D; elementary representation is a concept represented by a contour file ( shown in black frame )and compound representation (shown in gray frame) is a union of smaller concepts. For union operation, concept relation data in FMA3.0 was used.
 * 1) Federative Committee on Anatomical terminology, 1998. Terminologia anatomica: international anatomical terminology, Available at: http://books.google.co.jp/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UnMBKPalTeoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=terminologia+anatomica&ots=LpssKC_Hxp&sig=gdnxzUncmwiua_MAcb8YxO4Nhyc [Accessed August 21, 2013].
 * 2) Rosse, C. & Jr, J.Mejino, 2003. A reference ontology for biomedical informatics: the Foundational Model of Anatomy. Journal of biomedical informatics, 36, pp.478–500.

Map URL and map API

 * General web users can view the customized map image as if it is stored in the distant server with unique reference URL--map URL.
 * For example, if you request the following map URL by pasting one of them in an address bar of your browser,
 * URL1:  < http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/image?{"Part":[{"PartName":"liver"}]} >
 * URL2 : < http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?{"Part":[{"PartName":"liver"},{"PartName":"pancreas"}]} >
 * URL3:  < http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?{"Part":[{"PartName":"liver"},{"PartName":"pancreas"},{"PartName":"kidney"}]} >
 * your browser will show the still or animated rendering image of specified organs as shown in Figure 5.
 * These map images are actually dynamically rendered by the mapping service.
 * When map URL is requested, web server program feed the requested functions exposed at the web-addresses --denoted before the "?" in the map URL --with the input data --data string following the "?"-- and returns the output to the requester.
 * This simple HTTP-based request-response interface consisting of the functions for distant programs are called map API. (application programming interface).
 * In examples, the functions located at the paths "bp3d/API/image" and "/bp3d/API/animation" output still and animated image to the input respectively.
 * There are a few more functions in this map API at the different paths to make the rendered image interactive.


 * The input data --the data string following "?"--contains all the necessary outside information for the mapping server to generate maps; it is called map configuration.
 * The map configuration specifies which manikin parts are shown with what surface properties and how the map is pictured.
 * This configuration data is processed by the mapping server behind the API into file names of manikin segments and image rendering parameters and passed to the Open GL--an open sourced programming interface for three dimensional graphics provided by the common operating systems; when not specified in the configuration, the default values are used for most rendering parameter types.
 * In the map URL, the configuration must be recorded as an associative array of parameter type and its value with syntax of either JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)--convenient for web application programs to generate-- and web query strings --output format of web forms.
 * For the ease of downstream handling, log string of configuration is reversibly encoded into much shorted key strings by the mapping server.

Legend Note that without instructions, manikin parts line up because they are segments of one body.
 * SYSTEM.PNG  MapAPI.png
 * Responses from the map API with URL requests denoted in the text. We will mention the format of input data later.

"http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/get-info.cgi?version=4.1&tree=isa&cmd=upload-all-list"
 * The list of valid FMA_ID for visualization is accessible at URL:

Map editor

 * The map editor navigates the user's -- experts or non-experts--to configure the kit into a custom 3D map and output the map configuration enveloped in the map URL.
 * The map editor also accepts map URL as an input to establish the re-cycling of maps.
 * This web application has a parts menu and editing interface to interactively configure the kit.

Parts menu

 * The parts menu serves as a pictorial dictionary of anatomical concepts for users to pick up necessary parts; the prototype was published as BodyParts3D database.
 * Each entity --a concept in FMA--has lexical information took from FMA and visual representations made with kit segments; the whole entities are structured and visualized by two relations: concept relations in a tree and positional relations in anatomical map.
 * By drilling down along these two structures, and by filtering lexical information with key words, users can find the entities they need easier than ordinary digital dictionaries.

--> The browser image of parts menu and editing interface of the map editor

Interactive editing interface

 * The parts selection by the user is processed into the temporary map configuration, send to the map API, and returned image is shown in a window of the editing user interface.
 * In this window, the map is interactive; mouse-clicks and drags on the map image -- in the context of pin-marker application, camera positioning, or coloring the plain map -- are instantly reflected in the temporary map configuration and re-send to the map API to receive the accordingly refreshed image.
 * On the user's command, the map editor output the temporary configuration in the form of map URL, which users can copy for store or disseminate just like ordinary URL.
 * This interactive window with the latest map configuration can also be captured as a URL that reproduce the browser and its status; when this URL is properly embeded in an HTML file, with inline frame tags for example, it is rendered as an inserted and interactive map image.


 * For example, an idea “draw visual system with pituitary and facial bone” is configured and visualized as in Figure2; this is a frequently drawn diagram to explain cause of vision problem in patients with pituitary adenomas and trans-sphenoidal surgical operation for that condition. The shortened version of the map URL for the rotating.gif animation of the same map is "http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=yu0jGTWDWHPD9D4zmOXPDuWr".

Results
These sections may all be separate, or may be combined to create a mixed Results/Discussion section (commonly labeled "Results and Discussion") or a mixed Discussion/Conclusions section (commonly labeled "Discussion"). These sections may be further divided into subsections, each with a concise subheading, as appropriate. These sections have no word limit, but the language should be clear and concise. Together, these sections should describe the results of the experiments, the interpretation of these results, and the conclusions that can be drawn. Authors should explain how the results relate to the hypothesis presented as the basis of the study and provide a succinct explanation of the implications of the findings, particularly in relation to previous related studies and potential future directions for research.

Accuracy and concept coverage of the manikin data

 * “How accurate is it?” may be a fair question subjected to digital manikin in general.
 * However, specification of a truely canonical structure – a complete set of common features among human individuals – exists as knowledge in experts' mind or described in anatomy textbooks and articles.
 * Therefore, we measured the closeness of the manikin to the experts' knowledge - canonicity - by the number of named structures which experts can identify in the manikin.
 * To maintain the canonicity of manikin segments, the experts mapped each segment made by art workers to a concept ID judging from its morphology and relation to other segments without further information.
 * In this measure, the present version of our manikin (ver 4.0) is canonical at the level of 3,506 concepts.(Table 1)
 * The overlap with 7,500 concepts in Terminologia Anatomica is still slightly more than a thousand; this is mainly because modeling is still on going but partly because our data do not represent concepts without volumes such as points, line and surfaces named on the most volume entities at this moment.
 * The number of terms in TA denoting concepts with volumes are 4600 by our count.

numbers of terms in Terminologia Anatomica represented by the manikin ver2.0	ver3.0 ver4.0 element segment	159	172	348 compound segment	365	408	675 total	                       524	580	1023 Numers of concepts in Foundation Model of Anatomy represented by the manikin element segment	845	915	1652 compound segment	969	1053	1854 total	                       1814	1968	3506
 * Table 1. The numbers of independent concepts representable by the manikin parts, either by a single file (Elemental), or as a group of files (Compound). Note that FMA concept covers down to molecular level and includes many concepts with different nomenclature systems where same regions are segmented differently.

Creativity aroused and assisted by a kit-based production system
A: Augmentation of mapURL in Figure 2 with surrounding structures. The rotating animation for this map can be accessed at map URL"http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=zWj0vWX51fOL1PbK1Dm85n8T" B: Some anatomical structures within the cerebral hemisphere are visualized by the same map URL except for the choice of kit vesion. A: BodyParts3D ver4.0, B: SPL (ref), C:Talairach (ref). Blue: left lateral ventricle, Orange: left caudate nucleus, Yellow: left amygdala, Red:left mammillary body.
 * The merit of drawing of anatomical maps by a kit is more than the convenience and standardization in map creation.
 * Being circulated with a parametrically specified map configuration, any web user, who viewed a map can modify the map to make it more informative or suitable for specific purposes by changing parameters (example).
 * Moreover, since the model segment is specified by the combination of concept ID and the kit ID instead of the name of segment data file, the same map content can be visualized differently that might me suitable for other purposes simply by re-writing the kit ID, just like switching computer fonts . (Fig )

Collaborative mapping

 * Collaborative mapping among the web users is the most prominent example of the commons-based peer production -- an emerging mode of value production in the human society enabled by coordinating the massive "cognitive surplus" into a organized value production power; its potential was repeatedly proven by providing the public with important spatial information which authority failed to provide in very short period of time. From world wide street map, Haiti earthquake map,  CPR device locations.
 * In the case of geographical mapping, global positioning system (GPS) was another commodified key technology.
 * In anatomical mapping, we have powerful cognition ability to map addresses on body images to the corresponding address on the manikin.
 * Because, this mapping task --address of one body to another -- is still difficult for computers, it is a suitable task for "cognitive surplus".
 * By preparing a web server that register the marker information and refresh the map configuration, thematic collaborative mapping is as easy as with common geographic map API.
 * melanoma: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=y0r8remKjmq08LrqmO8famWv
 * non-melanoma: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=rKLbWTWnemiGv4Lb8fu49XPD
 * superimposed: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=KfWXfOimCyC0r8LT59Lzqiiq
 * superimposed on transparent manikin: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=qiOzGP15bGDKfquemeue0zyi


 * * Representation of the tabular data "Anatomic distribution of non-melanoma skin cancers in US 1977-78" took from http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/001-526/001-526.html
 * Reproducunction of a picture from http://www.ciesin.org/docs/001-503/fig10.gif
 * Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems : http://www.ciesin.org/docs/001-503/001-503.html
 * test site for the collaborative mapping of bone fracture site showing "I had a fracture in here". This site is accessible at http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/collaborative_map/

The data visualization and map mash-up
 Kikinis, R., Shenton, M., Iosifescu, D., McCarley, R., Saiviroonporn, P., Hokama, H., … Jolesz, F. (1996). A Digital Brain Atlas for Surgical Planning, Model-drivensegmentation, and Teaching, 2(3), 232–241.
 * The backcloth model may be used to visualize how a measurement varies anatomically when made into a cohropleth map-- a segmented spatial map painted according to color progression.
 * The map API can paint the segment repeatedly or dynamically to provide choropleth map to numerous database records or to frequently updated data, as shown is Figure 5A.
 * In combination with geospacial map API, map mush-up visualize geospatial difference of anatomical distribution patterns in measurements. Figure 5B.
 * Good example is an organ specific cancer death statistics given for each state of the US; absolute death of each organ cancer is shown by the heat map color chart on the anatomical diagram standing on each capital.

Difference b/w atlases

 * Until now, many digital manikins have been created (ref) and the variety is still growing Zygote Body, CAVEman, and LINDSAY.
 * Many of these models can be viewed by the public in their web site where manikin segments are indexed with anatomical concepts often hierarchically organized (R. Schubert ).
 * Accordingly, the every element of present work is not new, except that this work arranged them as a communication medium rather than education material.


 * 1) (Choi, Tamblyn, & Stringer, 2008)Choi, A.-R. A., Tamblyn, R., & Stringer, M. D. (2008). Electronic resources for surgical anatomy. ANZ journal of surgery, 78(12), 1082–91. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04755.x
 * 2) Ackerman, M. J. (1991). The Visible Human Project. The Journal of biocommunication, 18(2), 14.
 * 3) Höhne, K. H., Bomans, M., Pommert, A., Riemer, M., Schiers, C., Tiede, U., & Wiebecke, G. (1990). 3D visualization of tomographic volume data using the generalized voxel model. The Visual Computer, 6(1), 28–36. doi:10.1007/BF01902627
 * 4) R. Schubert, K. H. Höhne, A. Pommert, M. Riemer, Th. Schiemann, U. T. (1993). Spatial knowledge representation for visualization of human anatomy and function. In H. H. Barrett & A. F. Gmitro (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 687, (Vol. 687, pp. 168–181). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
 * 5) Venkataraman, S., Stevenson, P., Yang, Y., Richardson, L., Burton, N., Perry, T. P., … Christiansen, J. H. (2008). EMAGE--Edinburgh Mouse Atlas of Gene Expression: 2008 update. Nucleic acids research, 36(Database issue), D860–5. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm938
 * 6) Matsubara, K., & Okubo, K. (1993). Identification of new genes by systematic analysis of cdnas and database construction. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 4(6), 672–677. doi:10.1016/0958-1669(93)90048-2
 * Fox, P. T., & Woldorff, M. G. (1994). Integrating human brain maps. Current opinion in neurobiology, 4(2), 151–6. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038570
 * 1) Tworek, J. K., Jamniczky, H. A., Jacob, C., Hallgrímsson, B., & Wright, B. (n.d.). The LINDSAY Virtual Human Project: an immersive approach to anatomy and physiology. Anatomical sciences education, 6(1), 19–28. doi:10.1002/ase.1301
 * 2) Turinsky, A. L., Fanea, E., Trinh, Q., Wat, S., Hallgrímsson, B., Dong, X., … Sensen, C. W. (2008). CAVEman: Standardized anatomical context for biomedical data mapping. Anatomical sciences education, 1(1), 10–8. doi:10.1002/ase.3

Delivatives

 * The difference in the architecture is already reflected in the downstream of the service; some users invented the new reuse of data in communication inside and outside of the scholarly channels using the very early stage of this service.
 * One example is a few dedicated authors who created and deposited more than 500 accurately marked up anatomical images and animations to the public image archive - Wikimedia Commons. ; many of these works are already reused in wikipedia and other on-line articles and blogs.
 * Another example is a 3D printing community materializing the manikin segments downloaded from manikin data archive; their activity may lead to the invention of utility of tangible representation of human anatomy in the future. (ref)
 * Some researchers engineered the parts data into simulator for ultrasound examination.
 * Such downstream effects may also reflects the scarcity of reusable materials in healthcare domain despite the amount of public resources poured into there.
 * At this moment, major use of the anatomography service seems to be in a form of image file or gif animation file via wikimedia archive. We hope this publication will explain the more flexible uses of this service, to fill the huge gaps between information and comprehension in healthcare.
 * Lu, W., Wei, D., Zhu, X., & Chen, W. (2011). A computer model based on real anatomy for electrophysiology study. Advances in Engineering Software, 42(7), 463–476. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2011.03.015
 * 1) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anatomography: contributed by (WAS_A_BEE et.al.)

IT and Policies

 * 1) National Science and Technology Council (U.S.). Committee on Science., National Science and Technology Council (U.S.). Interagency Working Group on Digital Data. Harnessing the power of digital data for science and society : report of the Interagency Working Group on Digital Data to the Committee on Science of the National Science and Technology Council. Washington, D.C.: Interagency Working Group on Digital Data; 2009. vi, 24, 6 p. p.
 * 2) Published online 21 June 2011 | Nature 474, 428 (2011) | doi:10.1038/474428a News  Open access comes of age



=LIST of digital illustrations and interactive atlases= *ELECTRONIC RESOURCES FOR SURGICAL ANATOMY: A comprehensive list of 3D atalases Human Body Map: http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ Zygote body, previously google body: http://www.zygotebody.com/ Visible body: http://www.visiblebody.com/index.html A.D.A.M contracted by Medline Plus: http://www.adamimages.com/ Visible body: http://www.visiblebody.com/index.html Web Pathology: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html#MENU, PIER.net : http://peir2.path.uab.edu/pdl/dbra.cgi?uid=default&view_search=1 Inner Body Anatomy : http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html Virtual Cell Animations : http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/home.htm Radiopedia, a Wikia for Radiology : http://radiopaedia.org/ Doctor Fungus : http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/index.php Indiana Embryology: http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/embryo_main/ Brain * Neuroscience for beginners http://neuroscientist.weebly.com/database.html The Whole Brain Atlas : http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/home.html Harvaed Surgical research laboratory : http://www.spl.harvard.edu/publications/item/view/2037 Talairach project by Texas University: http://www.talairach.org/ XRay 2000 : http://e-radiography.net/ibase8/index.htm

Diagram generating software(2012): Common Atlas Format and 3D Brain Atlas Reconstructor: Infrastructure for Constructing 3D Brain Atlases


 * COMPUTERIZED ANATOMICAL MAN 1970 DOD http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0868927

=LIST of anatomy ontologies= Book : Anatomical ontologies: names and places in biology Richard Baldock and Albert Burger Review: Whole human : FMA by Washingtong SNOMED CT: MESH/UMLS/Metathesaurus Web: open bio ontology: enlist 113 bio-ontologies of which 32 are anatomy in various animals [ http://www.obofoundry.org/index.cgi?sort=domain&show=ontologies]

=LIST OF 3D INFRoMATION SYSTEMS= CAVEMAN by SunMicro Institute @Calgary , IMB ). Molecular data:, Biomedical Ontologies in Action: Role in Knowledge Management, Data Integration and Decision SupportO. Bodenreider  Molecular data base system: human microbiome project

=MEMO RANDOM=

Human Body Map: http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ Zygote body, previously google body: http://www.zygotebody.com/ Visible body: http://www.visiblebody.com/index.html c. Online sources of immense help, but mostly Low-Yield content include Web Pathology (http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html#MENU), Harvaed ECG Wave-Maven (http://ecg.bidmc.harvard.edu/maven/mavenmain.asp), Virtual Cell Animations (http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/home.htm), Radiopedia, a Wikia for Radiology (http://radiopaedia.org/), Doctor Fungus (http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/index.php), Indiana Embryology (http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/embryo_main/), The Whole Brain Atlas (http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/home.html), XRay 2000 (http://e-radiography.net/ibase8/index.htm), PIER.net (http://peir2.path.uab.edu/pdl/dbra.cgi?uid=default&view_search=1), Inner Body Anatomy (http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html), (http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/), (http://neurolex.org/wiki/Main_Page), (http://image.bloodline.net/category), (http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html), (http://images.rheumatology.org/), (http://antibiotics.toku-e.com/), (http://www.pathguy.com/index1.htm), (http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/)
 * Google's body browser: a useful addition to electronic anatomy resources ?
 * ELECTRONIC RESOURCES FOR SURGICAL ANATOMY: A comprehensive list of 3D atalases


 * Focus plus context visualization : http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F3-540-30790-7_18.pdf

tp_ap=av%3D09051901%26iw%3D1311%26ih%3D791%26bcl%3DFFFFFF%26cf%3D0%26hf%3D0%26model%3Dbp3d%26bv%3D4.0%26tn%3Disa%26dt%3D20130603232530%26dp%3D1%26cx%3D131.0089%26cy%3D-502.0822%26cz%3D757.1764%26tx%3D16.086%26ty%3D-73.184%26tz%3D1526.2554%26ux%3D0.2241%26uy%3D-0.8365%26uz%3D0.5%26zm%3D3.8%26cm%3DN%26oid001%3DFMA50169%26ocl001%3Df0d2a0%26osz001%3DS%26oop001%3D1.0%26orp001%3DS%26odcp001%3D0%26oid002%3DFMA70504%26ocl002%3Df0d2a0%26osz002%3DS%26oop002%3D1.0%26orp002%3DS%26odcp002%3D0%26oid003%3DFMA50542%26ocl003%3Df0d2a0%26osz003%3DS%26oop003%3D1.0%26orp003%3DS%26odcp003%3D0%26oid004%3DFMA50542%26ocl004%3Df0d2a0%26osz004%3DS%26oop004%3D1.0%26orp004%3DS%26odcp004%3D0%26oid005%3DFMA76269%26ocl005%3Df0d2a0%26osz005%3DS%26oop005%3D1.0%26orp005%3DS%26odcp005%3D0%26oid006%3DFMA50518%26ocl006%3Df0d2a0%26osz006%3DS%26oop006%3D1.0%26orp006%3DS%26odcp006%3D0%26oid007%3DFMA50544%26ocl007%3Df0d2a0%26osz007%3DS%26oop007%3D1.0%26orp007%3DS%26odcp007%3D0%26oid008%3DFMA50169%26ocl008%3Df0d2a0%26osz008%3DS%26oop008%3D1.0%26orp008%3DS%26odcp008%3D0%26oid009%3DFMA79615%26ocl009%3Df0d2a0%26osz009%3DS%26oop009%3D1.0%26orp009%3DS%26odcp009%3D0%26oid010%3DFMA50590%26ocl010%3Df0d2a0%26osz010%3DS%26oop010%3D1.0%26orp010%3DS%26odcp010%3D0%26oid011%3DFMA50084%26ocl011%3Df0d2a0%26osz011%3DS%26oop011%3D1.0%26orp011%3DS%26odcp011%3D0%26oid012%3DFMA50028%26ocl012%3Df0d2a0%26osz012%3DS%26oop012%3D1.0%26orp012%3DS%26odcp012%3D0%26oid013%3DFMA50087%26ocl013%3Df0d2a0%26osz013%3DS%26oop013%3D1.0%26orp013%3DS%26odcp013%3D0%26oid014%3DFMA50365%26ocl014%3Df0d2a0%26osz014%3DS%26oop014%3D1.0%26orp014%3DS%26odcp014%3D0%26oid015%3DFMA50369%26ocl015%3Df0d2a0%26osz015%3DS%26oop015%3D1.0%26orp015%3DS%26odcp015%3D0%26oid016%3DFMA50368%26ocl016%3Df0d2a0%26osz016%3DS%26oop016%3D1.0%26orp016%3DS%26odcp016%3D0%26oid017%3DFMA50376%26ocl017%3Df0d2a0%26osz017%3DS%26oop017%3D1.0%26orp017%3DS%26odcp017%3D0%26oid018%3DFMA76127%26ocl018%3Df0d2a0%26osz018%3DS%26oop018%3D1.0%26orp018%3DS%26odcp018%3D0%26oid019%3DFMA50589%26ocl019%3Df0d2a0%26osz019%3DS%26oop019%3D1.0%26orp019%3DS%26odcp019%3D0%26oid020%3DFMA3956%26ocl020%3Df0d2a0%26osz020%3DS%26oop020%3D1.0%26orp020%3DS%26odcp020%3D0%26oid021%3DFMA76259%26ocl021%3Df0d2a0%26osz021%3DZ%26oop021%3D1.0%26orp021%3DS%26odcp021%3D0%26dpl%3D0%26dpod%3D1%26dpol%3D0%26crd%3Dbp3d
 * cerebral arteries:http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/?


 * heart :http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/?shorten=vuOrG1u45DyCj4DiOXOTvKf4
 * liver: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/?shorten=iOjKv8PzieeeeCqCCSH55jOP
 * optic tract: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/?tp_ap=av%3D09051901%26iw%3D734%26ih%3D520%26bcl%3DFFFFFF%26cf%3D0%26hf%3D0%26model%3Dbp3d%26bv%3D4.0%26tn%3Disa%26dt%3D20130604114141%26dp%3D1%26cx%3D853.2098%26cy%3D-311.5049%26cz%3D1543.2636%26tx%3D-4.5864%26ty%3D-81.6591%26tz%3D1543.2636%26ux%3D0%26uy%3D0%26uz%3D1%26zm%3D3.6%26orax%3D0%26oray%3D0%26oraz%3D1%26orcx%3D-4.5864%26orcy%3D-81.6591%26orcz%3D1543.2636%26ordg%3D210%26autorotate%3D20130604114104%26cm%3DN%26oid001%3DFMA58101%26ocl001%3Df0d2a0%26osz001%3DS%26oop001%3D1.0%26orp001%3DS%26odcp001%3D0%26oid002%3DFMA50863%26ocl002%3Df0d2a0%26osz002%3DS%26oop002%3D1.0%26orp002%3DS%26odcp002%3D0%26oid003%3DFMA62045%26ocl003%3Df0d2a0%26osz003%3DS%26oop003%3D1.0%26orp003%3DS%26odcp003%3D0%26oid004%3DFMA62046%26ocl004%3Df0d2a0%26osz004%3DS%26oop004%3D1.0%26orp004%3DS%26odcp004%3D0%26oid005%3DFMA67325%26ocl005%3Df0d2a0%26osz005%3DS%26oop005%3D1.0%26orp005%3DS%26odcp005%3D0%26oid006%3DFMA62209%26ocl006%3Df0d2a0%26osz006%3DS%26oop006%3D1.0%26orp006%3DS%26odcp006%3D0%26oid007%3DFMA62007%26ocl007%3Df0d2a0%26osz007%3DS%26oop007%3D1.0%26orp007%3DS%26odcp007%3D0%26oid008%3DFMA13889%26ocl008%3Df0d2a0%26osz008%3DS%26oop008%3D1.0%26orp008%3DS%26odcp008%3D0%26oid009%3DFMA62008%26ocl009%3Df0d2a0%26osz009%3DS%26oop009%3D1.0%26orp009%3DS%26odcp009%3D0%26oid010%3DFMA52736%26ocl010%3Df0d2a0%26osz010%3DS%26oop010%3D1.0%26orp010%3DS%26odcp010%3D0%26oid011%3DFMA7163%26ocl011%3Df0d2a0%26osz011%3DZ%26oop011%3D0.2%26orp011%3DS%26odcp011%3D0%26dpl%3D0%26dpod%3D1%26dpol%3D0%26crd%3Dbp3d
 * Trans sphenoidal: http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/?shorten=i0beSjG9zSruWT55H5eGH5zm


 * Definitions of similar terms: http://www.toolingu.com/definition-550225-26644-pictorial-diagram.html
 * Good use:http://upperlimbanatomy.wikispaces.com/Triceps

Related works "What is different from Digital 3D Atlas?"

 * Similarly to all other category of technical terms, hierarchically structured anatomical terminology have been used to index items to order items for the ease of finding items in top down manner in the museum, library either physical or digital, and research data.
 * Semantics of anatomical terms have been represented in the form of structured terminology, thesaurus and ontology, similarly to other disciplines.
 * Anatomical indexing alone is also (PubMed, OMIM, Molecular DB, Bodymap)
 * On the other hand, the use of visual nature of anatomical knowledge has been limited to each reports and review document.
 * With the advent of computer graphics, morphological feature of our body have been represented in digital atlases; 3D atlases of various kinds, grphical or photographic, static or interactive, in DVD with price tags or accessible free of charge on the internet.
 * Using such technologies, some information systems started to use digital morphology of an organ or whole body as background framework in organizing and visualization of the data or other items. (Talairach, fMRI, refEx)


 * their own observations together on the same body address system will bring the information related to the spacial vicinity into experts attention in one time; such environment is at least the bottom line for utilization of related information in practice - reasoning, inference, and innovation by comparison and connection of the given pieces of information or production of new idea that fits many pieces.
 * In short, addressing pieces of information on the common body structure would be straightforward operation for intelligent healthcare information system.
 * In short, addressing pieces of information on the common body structure would be straightforward operation for intelligent healthcare information system.

=Others=

Superimposed osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma
Rotating image : http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=SH9bSvWvG1TXv0f0XfuCOfmq&.GIF Still image :

Ewing
Rotating image :http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=XvymOjn811H5jW59vCOXT955&.GIF

http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=XDSjOTrC4DOria0HnuqW9Tze http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=XDSjOTrC4DOria0HnuqW9Tze&.GIF http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=LjmOLbjWjWPT8f8ja4K9j8XD&.GIF
 * Ewigs sarcoma
 * SOurce http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/2/79

Osteosarcoma
http://lifesciencedb.jp/bp3d/API/animation?shorten=bODSXT0DKzqeKL1LzGDe4PD4&.GIF larger rotation freezes
 * Sources: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0284-9_1