LectureNote2012-1

LectureNote2012-2 2012 Syllabus Okubo K =For the Freshmen=

You wish to start science. Then what is Science? Who are professional scientists?

 * 1) Science as a personal activity. Continued to next week "4th paradigm
 * 2) *Based on the human instinct to UNDERSTAND his environment (Nature or Society) to protect himself, science try to understand the object.
 * 3) *Then what is UNDERSTANDING.
 * 4) Describe: Put the features of phenomenon into information. which is transmittable, storeable seuquence of symbols. usually natural languages. At this step various abstraction is done to call different instances as a class. Technical terms.  Measurement is a kind of description?  Usually limited number of feature, quantitative rather than qualitative.  Unit of measurement.
 * 5) Explain: Establish models that govern the phenomena. Models can be a set of principles, not necessarily mathematical.. Deduced from a set of aximos, set of self-evident truth.   At this step model can fit only to the various details of described phenomena.
 * 6) Predict: If the model is sound, phenomena in the future will be predicted from the set of parameters at present.
 * 7) Manipulate: By altering the parameters, the phenomena in the future can be controlled.
 * 8) Problem solving: Problem is a abstraction or enucleation of a part of environment. Solution is just a part of understanding (explanation or model or prediction or manipulation plan.)
 * 9) Science as a social endeavor.
 * 10) *Based on the idea that science is a part of culture. (aristocracy) It need to be intellectually amusing to the patron.
 * 11) *Based on the idea that science as a source for national wealth. (government)
 * 12) **Sience (its output)should contribute to the community, nation, or mankind.
 * 13) **Science (its output)should be used as a basis of society. (engineering)
 * 14) **Basic science supports applied science. Applied science supports the people though commercial products and services.
 * 15) Essential feature of Science among other parts of human endeavour.
 * 16) *Progressive, Objective, Reproducible, Organized (efficient)
 * 17) Purpose of Science supported by the taxpayer
 * 18) **For the welfare of society. For the welfare of mankind.
 * 19) Why science is progressive? Why science is efficient and successful?
 * 20) * Key is the mechanism of science as a social endeavor.=Norm of science

Discussion matrerial 1
'''What is the norm of science ? '''  On being a scientist by US National Academy of Science.  wIBjGV3OB0o 

Publish to Share. Cite to give credit. Fraud, plagiarism, Conflict of interest, Compliance.


 * Discussion: What is the central mechanism for science as a endeavor of mankind?

Who own the science machine and why?
Science component in a society: Government-Fund, University-Profs, Publisher-Journal, Library
 * 1) The importance of periodicals and libraries.
 * 2) *Who invented the periodicals? What was behind it?
 * 3) **Oldenberg, Gutenberg, Mail system of UK: Road network. Neuton. Hx of plagiarism
 * 4) **The first periodicals on science:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society
 * 5) **The inventor: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Oldenburg
 * 6) *Who invented the library?
 * 7) **Alexander the great.

=Periodicals=
 * 1) History
 * 2) Citation
 * 3) Triad of function of Scholary journals: Report, Record, Reward

 Sharron Terry  hGmOkAvNTO4 
 * Why journals are commercial? PLoS, PubMed central.

=CopyRighted materials in General=

Quote "CC is designed to save the world from failed sharing" 1DKm96Ftfko  io3BrAQl3so 

=Summary=
 * Beware that Science is both personal and social activity.
 * Essence of science in a person is to understand.
 * Norm of science in a society is to share the idea and data.