Background


 * Data visualizations are often used in infographics and may make up the entire infographic. There are many types of visualizations that can be used to represent the same set of data. Therefore it is crucial to identify the appropriate visualization for the data set and infographic by taking into consideration graphical features such as position, size, shape, and color. There are primarily five types of visualization categories – time-series data, statistical distributions, maps, hierarchies, and networking.[2

=KR=
 * Knowledge representation (KR) research involves analysis of how to reason accurately and effectively and how best to use a set of symbols to represent a set of facts within a knowledge domain. A symbol vocabulary and a system of logic are combined to enable inferences about elements in the KR to create new KR sentences. Logic is used to supply formal semantics of how reasoning functions should be applied to the symbols in the KR system. Logic is also used to define how operators can process and reshape the knowledge. Examples of operators and operations include negation, conjunction, adverbs, adjectives, quantifiers and modal operators. The logic is interpretation theory. These elements – symbols, operators, and interpretation theory – are what give sequences of symbols meaning within a KR.
 * A key parameter in choosing or creating a KR is its expressivity. The more expressive a KR, the easier and more compact it is to express a fact or element of knowledge within the semantics and grammar of that KR. However, more expressive languages are likely to require more complex logic and algorithms to construct equivalent inferences. A highly expressive KR is also less likely to be complete and consistent. Less expressive KRs may be both complete and consistent. Autoepistemic temporal modal logic is a highly expressive KR system, encompassing meaningful chunks of knowledge with brief, simple symbol sequences (sentences).

=Reason=
 * Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, for establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.[1] It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature.[2] The concept of reason is sometimes referred to as rationality and sometimes as discursive reason, in opposition to intuitive reason.[3]

=MAP=
 * A map is a visual representation of an area – a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.
 * Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use including infrastructure such as roads, railroads and buildings.

Choropleth map

 * The most common way to map(visually represent a space) regional data. Based on some metric, regions are colored following a scale you define.

Scaled map

 * ex. bubble map

=ADRESS=
 * An address is a collection of information, presented in a mostly fixed format, used for describing the location of a building, apartment, or other structure or a plot of land, generally using political boundaries and street names as references, along with other identifiers such as house or apartment numbers. Some addresses also contain special codes to aid routing of mail and packages, such as a ZIP code or post code.

= DIAGRAM=
 * In science the term is used in both ways. For example Anderson (1997) stated more generally: "diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not".[2] On the other hand Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically "abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".[3]

=CONCEPT MAP=
 * A concept map is a diagram that shows relationships between concepts. It is a graphical tool that designers, engineers, technical writers, and others use to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as causes, requires, or contributes to.[1]

=Medicine=
 * Medicine (i/ˈmɛdsɨn/, i/ˈmɛdɨsɨn/) is the applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.[1] It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness in human beings.

=DATA STRUCTURE= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure
 * An array data structure stores a number of elements in a specific order. They are accessed using an integer to specify which element is required (although the elements may be of almost any type). Arrays may be fixed-length or expandable.
 * Record (also called tuple or struct) Records are among the simplest data structures. A record is a value that contains other values, typically in fixed number and sequence and typically indexed by names. The elements of records are usually called fields or members.
 * A hash or dictionary or map is a more flexible variation on a record, in which name-value pairs can be added and deleted freely.
 * Union. A union type definition will specify which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances, e.g. "float or long integer". Contrast with a record, which could be defined to contain a float and an integer; whereas, in a union, there is only one value at a time.
 * A tagged union (also called a variant, variant record, discriminated union, or disjoint union) contains an additional field indicating its current type, for enhanced type safety.
 * A set is an abstract data structure that can store specific values, without any particular order, and no repeated values. Values themselves are not retrieved from sets, rather one tests a value for membership to obtain a boolean "in" or "not in".
 * An object contains a number of data fields, like a record, and also a number of program code fragments for accessing or modifying them. Data structures not containing code, like those above, are called plain old data structure.

=CHART= =GRAPH=
 * A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart".[1] A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different info
 * A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different info
 * The term "chart" as a graphical representation of data has multiple meanings:
 * A data chart is a type of diagram or graph, that organizes and represents a set of numerical or qualitative data.
 * Maps that are adorned with extra information for some specific purpose are often known as charts, such as a nautical chart or aeronautical chart.
 * Other domain specific constructs are sometimes called charts, such as the chord chart in music notation or a record chart for album popularity.
 * Charts are often used to ease understanding of large quantities of data and the relationships between parts of the data.
 * Charts can usually be read more quickly than the raw data that they are produced from. They are used in a wide variety of fields, and can be created by hand (often on graph paper) or by computer using a charting application. Certain types of charts are more useful for presenting a given data set than others.
 * For example, data that presents percentages in different groups (such as "satisfied, not satisfied, unsure") are often displayed in a pie chart, but may be more easily understood when presented in a horizontal bar chart.[2] On the other hand, data that represents numbers that change over a period of time (such as "annual revenue from 1990 to 2000") might be best shown as a line chart.
 * Graph may refer to: A graphic (such as a line chart, plot, chart or diagram) depicting the relationship between two or more variables used, for instance, in visualising scientific data.

=DIAGRAM=
 * A diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.

=MAP=
 * A map is a visual representation of an area – a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes. Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate (or approximately accurate) representations of three-dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping, DNA mapping and extraterrestrial mapping.

=Thematic map= Data terminology[edit]
 * A thematic map is univariate if the non-location data is all of the same kind. Population density, cancer rates, and annual rainfall are three examples of univariate data. Bivariate mapping shows the geographical distribution of two distinct sets of data. For example, a map showing both rainfall and cancer rates may be used to explore a possible correlation between the two phenomena. More than two sets of data leads to multivariate mapping. For example, a single map might show population density in addition to annual rainfall and cancer rates.
 * Methods of thematic mapping[edit] Choropleth map of water use. Isarithmic map of barometric pressure. Dasymetric map of climate and plant hardiness zones. Cartographers use many methods to create thematic maps, but five techniques are especially noted. Choropleth[edit] Choropleth mapping shows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as counties or states, by coloring or shading these regions. For example, countries with higher rates of infant mortality might appear darker on a choropleth map. This technique assumes a relatively even distribution of the measured phenomenon within each region. Generally speaking, differences in hue are used to indicate qualitative differences, such as land use, while differences in saturation or lightness are used to indicate quantitative differences, such as population. Proportional symbol[edit] The proportional symbol technique uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or locations within the map. For example, a disc may be shown at the location of each city in a map, with the area of the disc being proportional to the population of the city. Isarithmic or Isopleth[edit] Isarithmic maps, also known as contour maps or isopleth maps depict smooth continuous phenomena such as precipitation or elevation. Each line-bounded area on this type of map represents a region with the same value. For example, on an elevation map, each elevation line indicates an area at the listed elevation. An Isarithmic map is a planimetric graphic representation of a 3-D surface. Isarithmic mapping requires 3-D thinking for surfaces that vary spatially. Dot[edit] A dot distribution map might be used to locate each occurrence of a phenomenon, as in Dr. Snow's map where each dot represented one death due to cholera. Where appropriate, a dot may indicate any number of entities, for example, one dot for every 100 voters. Dasymetric[edit] A dasymetric map is similar to a choropleth map, but one in which the regions are not predefined but chosen so that the distribution of the measured phenomenon within each region is relatively uniform. The boundaries may be much sharper than in an isarithmic map. For example, planning regulations may lead to adjacent regions in a dasymetric map of population density being internally homogeneous but at opposite extremes. These maps are more difficult to generate and less common than other types

=VISUALIZATION=
 * Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of man. Examples from history include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering and scientific purposes
 * Applications of visualization[edit]

A scientific visualization

 * of an extremely large simulation of a Raleigh-Taylor instability caused by two mixing fluids. As a subject in computer science, scientific visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition, hypothesis building, and reasoning.
 * Data visualization is a related subcategory of visualization dealing with statistical graphics and geographic or spatial data (as in thematic cartography) that is abstracted in schematic form.[4][5] Scientific visualization[edit] Scientific visualization is the transformation, selection, or representation of data from simulations or experiments, with an implicit or explicit geometric structure, to allow the exploration, analysis, and understanding of the data. Scientific visualization focuses and emphasizes the representation of higher order data using primarily graphics and animation techniques.[6][7] It is a very important part of visualization and maybe the first one, as the visualization of experiments and phenomena is as old as science itself. Traditional areas of scientific visualization are flow visualization, medical visualization, astrophysical visualization, and chemical visualization. There are several different techniques to visualize scientific data, with isosurface reconstruction and direct volume rendering being the more common.

Educational visualization[edit]

 * Educational visualization is using a simulation normally created on a computer to create an image of something so it can be taught about. This is very useful when teaching about a topic that is difficult to otherwise see, for example, atomic structure, because atoms are far too small to be studied easily without expensive and difficult to use scientific equipment. It can also be used to view past events, such as looking at dinosaurs, or looking at things that are difficult or fragile to look at in reality like the human skeleton.

Information visualization[edit]

 * Information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to explore large amount of abstract data. The term "information visualization" was originally coined by the User Interface Research Group at Xerox PARC and included Dr. Jock Mackinlay.[citation needed] Practical application of information visualization in computer programs involves selecting, transforming, and representing abstract data in a form that facilitates human interaction for exploration and understanding. Important aspects of information visualization are dynamics of visual representation and the interactivity. Strong techniques enable the user to modify the visualization in real-time, thus affording unparalleled perception of patterns and structural relations in the abstract data in question. Knowledge visualization[edit] The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge between at least two persons aims to improve the transfer of knowledge by using computer and non-computer-based visualization methods complementarily.[8] Examples of such visual formats are sketches, diagrams, images, objects, interactive visualizations, information visualization applications, and imaginary visualizations as in stories. While information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to derive new insights, knowledge visualization focuses on transferring insights and creating new knowledge in groups. Beyond the mere transfer of facts, knowledge visualization aims to further transfer insights, experiences, attitudes, values, expectations, perspectives, opinions, and predictions by using various complementary visualizations. See also: picture dictionary, visual dictionary 

Product visualization[edit]
=Map mashups, Web 2.0 and the GIS revolution=
 * Product visualization involves visualization software technology for the viewing and manipulation of 3D models, technical drawing and other related documentation of manufactured components and large assemblies of products. It is a key part of product lifecycle management. Product visualization software typically provides high levels of photorealism so that a product can be viewed before it is actually manufactured. This supports functions ranging from design and styling to sales and marketing. Technical visualization is an important aspect of product development. Originally technical drawings were made by hand, but with the rise of advanced computer graphics the drawing board has been replaced by computer-aided design (CAD). CAD-drawings and models have several advantages over hand-made drawings such as the possibility of 3-D modeling, rapid prototyping, and simulation.
 * 
 * In February 2005, however, the field was revolutionisedwith the introduction of Google Maps (2010) closely fol-lowed by its applications programming interface (API) inJune of that year that let users embed their own varieties ofGoogle Map within their own web pages.
 * This obviously addresses thefact that it is now possible for users other than professionalgeographers, geographic information scientists and carto-graphers to create their own map content, and this has thepotential to broaden the domain of interest and applicationsquite radically.

=INFORMATION SYSTEM=
 * Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[1][2][3][4][5]
 * The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
 * Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society[15][16][17] while IS emphasizes functionality over design.[18]
 * Any specific Information System aims to support operations, management and decision making.[19]
 * In a broad sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.[20] Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.[21]

=EBM=
 * A NEW paradigm for medical practice is emerging. Evidence-based medicine de-emphasizes intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiologic rationale as sufficient grounds for clinical decision making and stresses the examination of evidence from clinical research. Evidence-based medicine requires new skills of the physician, including efficient literature searching and the application of formal rules of evidence evaluating the clinical literature.


 * it's about integrating individual clinical expertise and the best external evidence

basic sciences of medicine,but especially from patient centred clinical research into the accuracy and precision of diagnostic tests(including the clinical examination),the power of prognostic markers,and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic,rehabilitative,and preventive regimens. External clinicalevidence both invalidates previously accepted diagnostictests and treatments and replaces them with newones that are more powerful,more accurate,more efficacious,and safer. 
 * Evidencebasedmedicine is the conscientious,explicit,and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
 * The practice of evidence based medicine means integratingind ividual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. By individual clinical expertise we meant he proficiency and judgment that individual clinicians acquire through clinical experience and clinical practice. Increased expertise is reflected in many ways, but especially in more effective and efficient diagnosis and in the more thoughtful identification and compassionate use of'predicaments,rights, and preferences in making clinical decisions about their care. By best available external clinical evidence we mean clinicaly relevant research,often from the
 * By best available external clinical evidence we mean clinically relevant research,often from the

=Overload=

INFORMATION OVERLOAD

 * Information Overload in Medical Practice: personal how to


 * Information Overload: Causes, Symptoms and Solutions A LILA Briefing by Joseph Ruff


 * Information overload: A report released last week by the US National Academies makes recommendations for tackling the issues surrounding the era of petabyte science.

BMJ 2010; 341 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7126 (Published 15 December 2010) Cite this as: BMJ 2010;341:c7126
 * Strategies for coping with information overload

p109- Rb Hayward note that infromation overload makes it difficult for the practitionaers to integrate evidences into practice. For example, journals have their own way to organize envideces ...
 * Evidence-Based Medicine and the Changing Nature of Health Care: Meeting Summary (IOM Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine) ( 2008 ) Institute of Medicine of National Academy  National Academy Press

Medical knowledge overload: a disturbing trend for physicians.
R E Hunt, R G Newman Keywords: physician; disturb trend; overload; medical knowledge; medical; disturb; trend; knowledge; professional; physician question; sale; physician perception; information retrieval; examine physician; retrieval system; 
 * The article examines responses of more than 500 physicians questioned about the time available for reading professional journals over the past 5 years as well as their utilization of information retrieval systems. It also examines physicians' perceptions of professional medical sales personnel as medical information sources.

http://www.allysonpollock.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/BMJ_2010_Pollock_PFIGift.pdf Strategies for coping with information overload BMJ 2010; 341 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7126 (Published 15 December 2010) Cite this as: BMJ 2010;341:c7126
 * An editorial insightful but pesimistic, categorizing seven attitudes to overload in medicine. Negative to Chochrane collaboration citation #7.

Medical Knowledge: endo of textbook

 * model of practitioners thinking. end of textbook. https://www.evernote.com/Home.action#st=p&n=29272ae7-8b7d-4e0a-b7da-ec87690e2fa3

==Bottomline answers=
 * Busy family doctors need “bottom line” answers to their questions, and they need them quickly.The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control10,The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control14,The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control22 Evidence can be provided at the point of care, but it is most useful when it has been digested into quickly accessible summaries.The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control8,The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control20,The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control23 These summaries tend to reflect the perspective of research, emphasising the performance characteristics of tests and results of clinical trials

Medical Text Indexer at NLM

 * The Medical Text Indexer (MTI) is a program for producingMeSHindexing recommendations. It is the major product ofNLM’s Indexing Initiative and has been used in both semi-auto-mated and fully automated indexing environments at theLibrary since mid 2002.

Snow ball Porter Stemming alg

 * http://snowball.tartarus.org/algorithms/porter/stemmer.html
 * Schinke R, Greengrass M, Robertson AM and Willett P (1996) A stemming algorithm for Latin text databases. Journal of Documentation, 52: 172-187.

Changing traditional journalist

 * Open-access archives and journals like arXiv and the Public Library of Science (PLoS) have sprung up in recent years. GalaxyZoo, a citizen-science site, has classified millions of objects in space, discovering characteristics that have led to a raft of scientific papers. On the collaborative blog MathOverflow, mathematicians earn reputation points for contributing to solutions; in another math experiment dubbed the Polymath Project, mathematicians commenting on the Fields medalist Timothy Gower’s blog in 2009 found a new proof for a particularly complicated theorem in just six weeks.

How to cope

 * Coping with the Biomedical Literature: A Primer for the Scientist and the Clinician. Edited by　Kenneth S. Warren. New York: Praeger, 1981. 246 p. $26.95

=CANCER STAT=
 * http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21166/pdf
 * http://publications.cancerresearchuk.org/downloads/product/worldmap.pdf

Trade off of expressiviness and computational tractability
This leads to a tradeoff between the expressiveness of a representational language and its computational tractability. 

=SUMMARY JOURNAL=
 * Faculty of 1000 is the publisher of four unique services that support and inform the work of life scientists and clinicians
 * Identifying great researchin biology and medicine F1000Prime is an in-depth directory of top articles in biology and medicine, as recommended by our Faculty of over 5,000 expert scientists and clinical researchers, assisted by 5,000 associates. Explore F1000Prime to find out what our Faculty Members think you need to read and why. Find recommendations in your field of interest by browsing or using a specific search term.
 * All clinical trials are important. Some are more important than others. F1000Trials identifies all the clinical trials and systematic reviews published in the key general medical and specialist journals. Our expert Faculty evaluates all the papers within days of publication, rating and recommending studies of particular significance.

=SNS=
 * A social bookmarking service is a centralized online service which enables users to add, annotate, edit, and share bookmarks of web documents.[1] Many online bookmark management services have launched since 1996; Delicious, founded in 2003, popularized the terms "social bookmarking" and "tagging". Tagging is a significant feature of social bookmarking systems, enabling users to organize their bookmarks in flexible ways and develop shared vocabularies known as folksonomies.

=Spatial "KR"=
 * Voxel man http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBFb0013787.pdf

identified by SemRep have been used in literature-based discovery (LBD) The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface control4, among many other approaches t
 * 3 MedlineMedline (Medical Literature Analysis and RetrievalSystem Online) is a bibliographic database contain-ing over 18.5 million citations to journal articlesin the biomedical domain which is maintained bythe National Library of Medicine (NLM). The 2010Medline Baseline, used in this study, encompassesapproximately 5,200 journals starting from 1948 andis 73 Gigabytes; containing 2,612,767 unique uni-grams and 55,286,187 unique bigrams. The majorityof the publications are scholarly journals but a smallnumber of newspapers, and magazines are included

=Brain map= Fox PT, Lancaster JL. Neuroscience on the net. Science 266, 994-6, 1994
 * Bain map is one of the earliest approach that uses anatomical graphics as an interface to research data and literature.

IMB anatomy Lens
=Neuroscience resources = =Textpresso= "We have developed Textpresso, a new text-mining system for scientific literature whose capabilities go far beyond those of a simple keyword search engine. Textpresso's two major elements are a collection of the full text of scientific articles split into individual sentences, and the implementation of categories of terms for which a database of articles and individual sentences can be searched. The categories are classes of biological concepts (e.g., gene, allele, cell or cell group, phenotype, etc.) and classes that relate two objects (e.g., association, regulation, etc.) or describe one (e.g., biological process, etc.). Together they form a catalog of types of objects and concepts called an ontology. After this ontology is populated with terms, the whole corpus of articles and abstracts is marked up to identify terms of these categories. The current ontology comprises 33 categories of terms. A search engine enables the user to search for one or a combination of these tags and/or keywords within a sentence or document, and as the ontology allows word meaning to be queried, it is possible to formulate semantic queries. Full text access increases recall of biological data types from 45% to 95%. Extraction of particular biological facts, such as gene-gene interactions, can be accelerated significantly by ontologies, with Textpresso automatically performing nearly as well as expert curators to identify sentences; in searches for two uniquely named genes and an interaction term, the ontology confers a 3-fold increase of search efficiency"
 * http://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2007/AAAI07-046.pdf
 * http://neuroscientist.weebly.com/database.html

=OpenGL=
 * What Is OpenGL? OpenGL is a software interface to graphics hardware. This interface consists of about 150 distinct commands that you use to specify the objects and operations needed to produce interactive three-dimensional applications. OpenGL is designed as a streamlined, hardware-independent interface to be implemented on many different hardware platforms. To achieve these qualities, no commands for performing windowing tasks or obtaining user input are included in OpenGL; instead, you must work through whatever windowing system controls the particular hardware you're using. Similarly, OpenGL doesn't provide high-level commands for describing models of three-dimensional objects. Such commands might allow you to specify relatively complicated shapes such as automobiles, parts of the body, airplanes, or molecules. With OpenGL, you must build up your desired model from a small set of geometric primitives - points, lines, and polygons.


 * OpenGL is the most widely adopted, cross-platform standard for 3D rendering and 3D hardware acceleration. The software runtime library ships with all Windows, MacOS, Linux and Unix systems. OpenGL is built for compatibility across hardware and operating systems. This architecture makes it easy to port OpenGL programs from one system to another. The OpenGL Perl module allows a Perl program to use OpenGL by letting it make OpenGL function calls. Note that all the books on OpenGL can be used to program with this module: it's easy to jump from C to Perl and vice versa.

=WebAPi= =Advocacy overload= Advocacy Overload? Activists Seek to Unify Efforts Of Groups Targeting Diseases; A Brain-Tumor Collaborative Article Comments more in Business | Find New $LINKTEXTFIND$ » smaller Larger By AMY DOCKSER MARCUSAt the national Brain Tumor Foundation, executive director Rob Tufel has a standard reply for well-meaning families and patients who want to set up a patient-advocacy group: "Please don't start another organization." There are 141 patient-advocacy groups that cover brain tumors, according to Mr. Tufel, while 43,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed every year with primary brain tumors, benign or malignant. That's roughly one group for every 305 new patients. "It just doesn't make sense from the point of view of funding, or from the point of view of patients and families," who must sort through the numerous organizations and Web sites for information, Mr. Tufel says. "Competition is good because it keeps us on our toes, but at some point ... it becomes ineffective."  =Patient empowerment= Empowerment is an action-oriented notion with the focus on removal of formal or informal barriers, and on transformation of relations between communities and institutions =Web serach= Health information is one ofthe most frequently soughttopics on the Internet. Reuters[1]reported that on average53% of Americans search the Internet for health informa-tion and, according to the Pew Internet and American LifeProject[2], of the 63% of Americans who access theInternet (128 million people), 66% of these look for healthand medical information. In the last decade, the percentageof adults who have accessed the Internet to look for healthinformation has rapidly increased, especially in the UnitedStates of America. In 2002, 80% (110 million Americans)of all adults online in the United States were estimated tohave looked for health information. This was an increase of13 million users from 2001 and 50 million from 1998[3].Fox and Rainie[4]estimated that, at that time, Internetusers could search as many as 10,000 medically relatedweb sites.With regards to Europe, a recent European Union (EU)Eurobarometer survey on online health information[5]found that, for Europeans, health professionals are still byfar the main source of health information (45.3% of EUhealth population) followed by the traditional media, such astelevision (19.8%) and newspapers (7.4%). Nevertheless, onaverage, nearly a quarter of Europeans (23%) use theInternet to obtain health information (this varies betweencountries, for example, 40% in Denmark and the Nether-lands and 15% or less in Greece, Spain and Portugal) and41.5% of the people within the EU think that the Internet is agood way of obtaining health information[5
 * A server-side web API is a programmatic interface to a defined request-response message system, typically expressed in JSON or XML, which is exposed via the web—most commonly by means of an HTTP-based web server. Mashups are web applications which combine the use of multiple such web APIs.[1]
 * The World Bank deﬁ nes empowerment as “the process of increasing capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired  actions and outcomes”.1 WHO has described  empowerment as a “prerequisite for health” and “a proactive partnership and patient self-care strategy to improve health outcomes and quality of life among the chronically ill”.2