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The fore-brain or prosencephalon consists of : ( 1 ) the diencephalon, corresponding in a large measure to the third ventricle ; The fore-brain or prosencephalon consists of : ( 1 ) the diencephalon, corresponding in a large measure to the the structures which bound third ventricle ; The fore-brain or prosencephalon consists of : ( 2 ) the telencephalon, comprising the largest part of the brain , viz. , the cerebral hemispheres ;


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cerebral hemispheres are intimately connected with each other across the middle line. cerebral hemispheres contains a large cavity, named the lateral ventricle.


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The lateral ventricles communicate through the interventricular foramen with the third ventricle ; The lateral ventricles are separated from each other by a medial septum, the septum pellucidum ;


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the septum pellucidum contains a slit-like cavity, which does not communicate with the ventricles.


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The Diencephalon.


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- The diencephalon is connected above with the cerebral hemispheres ; behind with the mid-brain. - The diencephalon is connected in front with the cerebral hemispheres ; behind with the mid-brain.


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diencephalon 's upper surface is concealed by the corpus callosum ; diencephalon 's upper surface is covered by a fold of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle ;


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inferiorly diencephalon reaches to the base of the brain.


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The diencephalon comprises : ( 1 ) the thalamencephalon. The diencephalon comprises : ( 2 ) the pars mamillaris hypothalami. The diencephalon comprises : ( 3 ) the posterior part of the third ventricle.


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For descriptive purposes, however , it is more convenient to consider the whole of the third ventricle together ; For descriptive purposes, however , it is more convenient to consider the whole of third ventricle 's boundaries together ;


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to consider the whole of the third ventricle and third ventricle 's boundaries together necessitates the inclusion, under this heading , of the pars optica hypothalami. to consider the whole of the third ventricle and third ventricle 's boundaries together necessitates the inclusion, under this heading , of the corresponding part of the third ventricle - structures which properly belong to the telencephalon.


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The Thalamencephalon.


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- The thalamencephalon comprises : ( 1 ) the thalamus. - The thalamencephalon comprises : ( 2 ) the metathalamus or corpora geniculata. - The thalamencephalon comprises : ( 3 ) the epithalamus, consisting of the trigonum habenulæ. - The thalamencephalon comprises : ( 3 ) the epithalamus, consisting of the the pineal body. - The thalamencephalon comprises : ( 3 ) the epithalamus, consisting of the the posterior commissure.


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The Thalami ( optic thalamus ) are two large ovoid masses, situated one on either side of the third ventricle. The Thalami ( optic thalamus ) are two large ovoid masses, reaching for some distance behind third ventricle cavity.


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Thalami measures about 4 cm. in length. Thalami presents two extremities, an anterior and a posterior. Thalami presents four surfaces, superior. Thalami presents four surfaces, inferior. Thalami presents four surfaces, medial. Thalami presents four surfaces, lateral.


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Thalami 's anterior extremity is narrow ; Thalami 's anterior extremity lies close to the middle line. Thalami 's anterior extremity is narrow ; Thalami 's anterior extremity forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen.


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Thalami 's posterior extremity is expanded. Thalami 's posterior extremity is directed backward and lateralward. Thalami 's posterior extremity overlaps the superior colliculus.


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Medially Thalami 's posterior extremity presents an angular prominence, the pulvinar , which is continued laterally into an oval swelling , the lateral geniculate body. beneath the pulvinar, is a second oval swelling , the medial geniculate body. separated from pulvinar by the superior brachium, is a second oval swelling , the medial geniculate body.


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Thalami 's superior surface is free. Thalami 's superior surface is slightly convex. Thalami 's superior surface is covered by a layer of white substance, termed the stratum zonale.


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stratum zonale is separated laterally from the caudate nucleus by a white band, the stria terminalis. stratum zonale is separated laterally from the caudate nucleus by the terminal vein.


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Thalami 's superior surface is divided into a medial portion by an oblique shallow furrow which runs from behind forward and medialward ; Thalami 's superior surface is divided into a lateral portion by an oblique shallow furrow which runs from behind forward and medialward ; Thalami 's superior surface is divided into a medial portion by an oblique shallow furrow which corresponds with the lateral margin of the fornix ; Thalami 's superior surface is divided into a lateral portion by an oblique shallow furrow which corresponds with the lateral margin of the fornix ;


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Thalami 's superior surface 's lateral part forms a portion of the floor of the lateral ventricle ; Thalami 's superior surface 's lateral part is covered by the epithelial lining of the lateral ventricle ;


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Thalami 's superior surface 's medial part is covered by the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. Thalami 's superior surface 's medial part is destitute of an epithelial covering.


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In front, Thalami 's superior surface is separated from Thalami 's medial surface by a salient margin , the tænia thalami , along which the epithelial lining of the third ventricle is reflected on to the under surface of the tela chorioidea.


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Behind, Thalami 's superior surface is limited medially by a groove , the sulcus habenulæ , which intervenes between Thalami 's superior surface. Behind, Thalami 's superior surface is limited medially by a groove , the sulcus habenulæ , which intervenes between a small triangular area , termed the trigonum habenulæ.


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Thalami 's inferior surface rests upon. Thalami 's inferior surface is continuous with the upward prolongation of the tegmentum ( subthalamic tegmental region ), in front of which Thalami 's inferior surface is related to the substantia innominata of Meynert.


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Thalami 's medial surface constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. Thalami 's medial surface is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band, the massa intermedia ( middle or gray commissure ).


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massa intermedia averages about 1 cm. in massa intermedia 's antero-posterior diameter :


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massa intermedia sometimes consists of two parts. massa intermedia occasionally is absent.


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massa intermedia contains nerve cells ; massa intermedia contains nerve fibers ;


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a few of the latter may cross the middle line, but most of them pass toward the middle line. a few of the latter may cross the middle line, but most of them then curve lateralward on the same side.


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Thalami 's lateral surface is in contact with a thick band of white substance which forms the occipital part of the internal capsule. Thalami 's lateral surface is in contact with a thick band of white substance which separates the thalamus from the lentiform nucleus of the corpus striatum.


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Structure.


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- The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance. - thalamus 's upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale. - thalamus 's lateral surface by a similar layer termed the lateral medullary lamina.


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thalamus 's gray substance is incompletely subdivided into three parts - anterior, medial , and lateral - by a white layer , the medial medullary lamina.
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thalamus 's anterior part comprises the anterior tubercle. thalamus 's medial part lies next the lateral wall of the third ventricle. the lateral and largest part is interposed between the medullary laminæ. the lateral and largest part includes the pulvinar.


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thalamus 's lateral part is traversed by numerous fibers which radiate from the thalamus into the internal capsule. thalamus 's lateral part is traversed by numerous fibers which pass through the latter to the cerebral cortex.


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anterior parts are built up of numerous nuclei, the connections of many of which are imperfectly known.


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Connections.


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- The thalamus may be regarded as a large ganglionic mass in which the ascending tracts of the tegmentum and a considerable proportion of the fibers of the optic tract end. - The thalamus may be regarded as a large ganglionic mass from the cells of which numerous fibers ( thalamocortical ) take origin. - The thalamus may be regarded as a large ganglionic mass from the cells of which numerous fibers ( thalamocortical ) radiate to almost every part of the cerebral cortex.


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The lemniscus, together with the other longitudinal strands of the tegmentum , enters thalamus 's ventral part :


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the thalamomammillary fasciculus ( bundle of Vicq d’Azyr ), from the corpus mammillare , enters in thalamus 's anterior tubercle. many of the fibers of the optic tract terminate in thalamus 's posterior end.


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The thalamus also receives numerous fibers ( corticothalamic ) from the cells of the cerebral cortex.


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The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus form four principal groups or stalks :


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( a ) fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the anterior stalk pass through the frontal part of the internal capsule to the frontal lobe ;


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( b ) The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the posterior stalk ( optic radiations ) arise in the pulvinar ; ( b ) The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the posterior stalk ( optic radiations ) are conveyed through the occipital part of the internal capsule to the occipital lobe ;


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( c ) The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the inferior stalk leave the under and medial surfaces of the thalamus ; ( c ) The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the inferior stalk pass beneath the lentiform nucleus to the temporal lobe ; ( c ) The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the inferior stalk pass beneath the lentiform nucleus to the insula ;


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( d ) The fibers that arise from the cells of the thalamus of the parietal stalk pass from the lateral nucleus of the thalamus to the parietal lobe.


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Fibers also extend from the thalamus into the corpus striatum - those destined for the caudate nucleus leave the lateral surface. Fibers also extend from the thalamus into the corpus striatum - those for the lentiform nucleus, the inferior surface of the thalamus.


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The Metathalamus comprises the geniculate bodies, which are two in number - a medial - on each side. The Metathalamus comprises the geniculate bodies, which are two in number - a lateral - on each side.


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The medial geniculate body ( corpus geniculatum mediale ; internal geniculate body ; postgeniculatum ) lies under cover of the pulvinar of the thalamus. The medial geniculate body ( corpus geniculatum mediale ; internal geniculate body ; postgeniculatum ) lies on the lateral aspect of the corpora quadrigemina.


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Oval in shape, with medial geniculate body 's long axis directed forward and lateralward , medial geniculate body is lighter in color. Oval in shape, with medial geniculate body 's long axis directed forward and lateralward , medial geniculate body is smaller in size than the a lateral.


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The inferior brachium from the inferior colliculus disappears under cover of medial geniculate body. The inferior brachium from medial geniculate body 's lateral extremity a strand of fibers passes to join the optic tract.


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Entering medial geniculate body are many acoustic fibers from the lateral lemniscus.


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The medial geniculate bodies are connected with one another by the commissure of Gudden, which passes through the posterior part of the optic chiasma.


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The lateral geniculate body ( corpus geniculatum laterale ; external geniculate body ; pregeniculatum ) is an oval elevation on the lateral part of the posterior end of the thalamus. The lateral geniculate body ( corpus geniculatum laterale ; external geniculate body ; pregeniculatum ) is connected with the superior colliculus by the superior brachium.


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lateral geniculate body is of a dark color. lateral geniculate body presents a laminated arrangement consisting of alternate layers of gray and white substance.


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lateral geniculate body receives numerous fibers from the optic tract. other fibers of optic tract pass over or through lateral geniculate body into the pulvinar.


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lateral geniculate body 's cells are large and pigmented ;


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lateral geniculate body 's cells 's axons pass to the visual area in the occipital part of the cerebral cortex.


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The superior colliculus receive many fibers from the optic tracts. the pulvinar receive many fibers from the optic tracts. the lateral geniculate body receive many fibers from the optic tracts. The superior colliculus are therefore intimately connected with sight, constituting what are termed the lower visual centers. the pulvinar are therefore intimately connected with sight, constituting what are termed the lower visual centers. the lateral geniculate body are therefore intimately connected with sight, constituting what are termed the lower visual centers.


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Extirpation of the eyes in a newly born animal entails an arrest of the development of these centers. Extirpation of the eyes in a newly born animal has no effect on the medial geniculate bodies or on the inferior colliculi.


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Moreover, the inferior colliculi are well-developed in the mole , an animal in which the superior colliculi are rudimentary.


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The Epithalamus comprises the trigonum habenulæ. The Epithalamus comprises the pineal body. The Epithalamus comprises the posterior commissure.


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The trigonum habenulæ is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus. The trigonum habenulæ is a small depressed triangular area situated on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami.


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trigonum habenulæ contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ.


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Fibers enter trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, forming what is termed the habenular commissure , pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Fibers enter trigonum habenulæ from others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure , pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side.


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Most of trigonum habenulæ 's fibers are, however , directed downward ,. Most of trigonum habenulæ 's fibers form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert , which passes medial to the red nucleus ,. Most of trigonum habenulæ 's fibers after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion.


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The pineal body ( corpus pineale ; epiphysis ) is a small, conical , reddish-gray body which lies in the depression between the superior colliculi.


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pineal body is placed beneath the splenium of the corpus callosum. pineal body is separated from the splenium of the corpus callosum by the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, the lower layer of which envelops the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle.


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It measures about 8 mm. in length. It 's base, directed forward , is attached by a stalk or peduncle of white substance.


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The stalk of the pineal body divides anteriorly into two laminæ, a dorsal , separated from one another by the pineal recess of the third ventricle. The stalk of the pineal body divides anteriorly into two laminæ, a ventral , separated from one another by the pineal recess of the third ventricle.


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The ventral lamina is continuous with the posterior commissure ;


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the dorsal lamina is continuous with the habenular commissure and divides into two strands the medullary striæ, which run forward , one on either side , along the junction of the medial and upper surfaces of the thalamus to blend in front with the columns of the fornix.


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The posterior commissure is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct.


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posterior commissure 's fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early. posterior commissure 's connections have not been definitely determined.